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Chen M, Yang C, Zhai X, Wang C, Liu M, Zhang B, Guo X, Wang Y, Li H, Liu Y, Han J, Wang X, Li J, Jia L, Li L. Comprehensive Identification and Characterization of HML-9 Group in Chimpanzee Genome. Viruses 2024; 16:892. [PMID: 38932184 PMCID: PMC11209481 DOI: 10.3390/v16060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are related to long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, comprising gene sequences of exogenous retroviruses integrated into the host genome and inherited according to Mendelian law. They are considered to have contributed greatly to the evolution of host genome structure and function. We previously characterized HERV-K HML-9 in the human genome. However, the biological function of this type of element in the genome of the chimpanzee, which is the closest living relative of humans, largely remains elusive. Therefore, the current study aims to characterize HML-9 in the chimpanzee genome and to compare the results with those in the human genome. Firstly, we report the distribution and genetic structural characterization of the 26 proviral elements and 38 solo LTR elements of HML-9 in the chimpanzee genome. The results showed that the distribution of these elements displayed a non-random integration pattern, and only six elements maintained a relatively complete structure. Then, we analyze their phylogeny and reveal that the identified elements all cluster together with HML-9 references and with those identified in the human genome. The HML-9 integration time was estimated based on the 2-LTR approach, and the results showed that HML-9 elements were integrated into the chimpanzee genome between 14 and 36 million years ago and into the human genome between 18 and 49 mya. In addition, conserved motifs, cis-regulatory regions, and enriched PBS sequence features in the chimpanzee genome were predicted based on bioinformatics. The results show that pathways significantly enriched for ERV LTR-regulated genes found in the chimpanzee genome are closely associated with disease development, including neurological and neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. In summary, the identification, characterization, and genomics of HML-9 presented here not only contribute to our understanding of the role of ERVs in primate evolution but also to our understanding of their biofunctional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Chen
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
| | - Caiqin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiuli Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yanglan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yongjian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingwan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Lei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (C.Y.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
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Boyboy BAG, Ichiyanagi K. Insertion of short L1 sequences generates inter-strain histone acetylation differences in the mouse. Mob DNA 2024; 15:11. [PMID: 38730323 PMCID: PMC11084082 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression divergence between populations and between individuals can emerge from genetic variations within the genes and/or in the cis regulatory elements. Since epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression, it is conceivable that epigenetic variations in cis regulatory elements can also be a source of gene expression divergence. RESULTS In this study, we compared histone acetylation (namely, H3K9ac) profiles in two mouse strains of different subspecies origin, C57BL/6 J (B6) and MSM/Ms (MSM), as well as their F1 hybrids. This identified 319 regions of strain-specific acetylation, about half of which were observed between the alleles of F1 hybrids. While the allele-specific presence of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) binding sequence was associated with allele-specific histone acetylation, we also revealed that B6-specific insertions of a short 3' fragment of LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposon occur within or proximal to MSM-specific acetylated regions. Furthermore, even in hyperacetylated domains, flanking regions of non-polymorphic 3' L1 fragments were hypoacetylated, suggesting a general activity of the 3' L1 fragment to induce hypoacetylation. Indeed, we confirmed the binding of the 3' region of L1 by three Krüppel-associated box domain-containing zinc finger proteins (KZFPs), which interact with histone deacetylases. These results suggest that even a short insertion of L1 would be excluded from gene- and acetylation-rich regions by natural selection. Finally, mRNA-seq analysis for F1 hybrids was carried out, which disclosed a link between allele-specific promoter/enhancer acetylation and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This study disclosed a number of genetic changes that have changed the histone acetylation levels during the evolution of mouse subspecies, a part of which is associated with gene expression changes. Insertions of even a very short L1 fragment can decrease the acetylation level in their neighboring regions and thereby have been counter-selected in gene-rich regions, which may explain a long-standing mystery of discrete genomic distribution of LINEs and SINEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Ann G Boyboy
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenji Ichiyanagi
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Groza C, Chen X, Pacis A, Simon MM, Pramatarova A, Aracena KA, Pastinen T, Barreiro LB, Bourque G. Genome graphs detect human polymorphisms in active epigenomic state during influenza infection. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100294. [PMID: 37228750 PMCID: PMC10203048 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants, including mobile element insertions (MEIs), are known to impact the epigenome. We hypothesized that genome graphs, which encapsulate genetic diversity, could reveal missing epigenomic signals. To test this, we sequenced the epigenome of monocyte-derived macrophages from 35 ancestrally diverse individuals before and after influenza infection, allowing us to investigate the role of MEIs in immunity. We characterized genetic variants and MEIs using linked reads and built a genome graph. Mapping epigenetic data revealed 2.3%-3% novel peaks for H3K4me1, H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), and ATAC-seq. Additionally, the use of a genome graph modified some quantitative trait loci estimates and revealed 375 polymorphic MEIs in an active epigenomic state. Among these is an AluYh3 polymorphism whose chromatin state changed after infection and was associated with the expression of TRIM25, a gene that restricts influenza RNA synthesis. Our results demonstrate that graph genomes can reveal regulatory regions that would have been overlooked by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Groza
- Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xun Chen
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alain Pacis
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Michelle Simon
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine at McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Albena Pramatarova
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine at McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tomi Pastinen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children’s Mercy Hospital and Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine at McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hirata M, Ichiyanagi T, Katoh H, Hashimoto T, Suzuki H, Nitta H, Kawase M, Nakai R, Imamura M, Ichiyanagi K. Sequence divergence and retrotransposon insertion underlie interspecific epigenetic differences in primates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac208. [PMID: 36219870 PMCID: PMC9577543 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the epigenome can affect the phenotype without the presence of changes in the genomic sequence. Given the high identity of the human and chimpanzee genome sequences, a substantial portion of their phenotypic divergence likely arises from epigenomic differences between the two species. In this study, the transcriptome and epigenome were determined for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from human and chimpanzee individuals. The transcriptome and epigenomes for trimethylated histone H3 at lysine-4 (H3K4me3) and lysine-27 (H3K27me3) showed high levels of similarity between the two species. However, there were some differences in histone modifications. Although such regions, in general, did not show significant enrichment of interspecies nucleotide variations, gains in binding motifs for pluripotency-related transcription factors, especially POU5F1 and SOX2, were frequently found in species-specific H3K4me3 regions. We also revealed that species-specific insertions of retrotransposons, including the LTR5_Hs subfamily in human and a newly identified LTR5_Pt subfamily in chimpanzee, created species-specific H3K4me3 regions associated with increased expression of nearby genes. Human iPSCs have more species-specific H3K27me3 regions, resulting in more abundant bivalent domains. Only a limited number of these species-specific H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 regions overlap with species-biased enhancers in cranial neural crest cells, suggesting that differences in the epigenetic state of developmental enhancers appear late in development. Therefore, iPSCs serve as a suitable starting material for studying evolutionary changes in epigenome dynamics during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Hirata
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ichiyanagi
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Katoh
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuma Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hikaru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nitta
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaki Kawase
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Risako Nakai
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Masanori Imamura
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kenji Ichiyanagi
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Li T, Chen B, Wei C, Hou D, Qin P, Jing Z, Ma H, Niu X, Wang C, Han R, Li H, Liu X, Xu H, Kang X, Li Z. A 104-bp Structural Variation of the ADPRHL1 Gene Is Associated With Growth Traits in Chickens. Front Genet 2021; 12:691272. [PMID: 34512719 PMCID: PMC8427608 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.691272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing marker-assisted breeding is an important method utilized in modern molecular breeding. Recent studies have determined that a large number of molecular markers appear to explain the impact of "lost heritability" on human height. Therefore, it is necessary to locate molecular marker sites in poultry and investigate the possible molecular mechanisms governing their effects. In this study, we found a 104-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5'UTR of the ADPRHL1 gene through resequencing. In cross-designed F2 resource groups, the indel was significantly associated with weight at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks and a number of other traits [carcass weight (CW), semi-evisceration weight (SEW), evisceration weight (EW), claw weight (CLW), wings weight (DWW), gizzard weight (GW), pancreas weight (PW), chest muscle weight (CMW), leg weight (LW), leg muscle weight (LMW), shedding Weight (SW), liver rate (LR), and leg muscle rate (LMR)] (P < 0.05). In brief, the insertion-insertion (II) genotype was significantly associated with the greatest growth traits and meat quality traits, whereas the values associated with the insertion-deletion (ID) genotype were the lowest in the F2 reciprocal cross chickens. The mutation sites were genotyped in 4,526 individuals from 12 different chicken breeds and cross-designed F2 resource groups. The II genotype is the most important genotype in commercial broilers, and the I allele frequency observed in these breeds is relatively high. Deletion mutations tend to be fixed in commercial broilers. However, there is still considerable great potential for breeding in dual-purpose chickens and commercial laying hens. A luciferase reporter assay showed that the II genotype of the ADPRHL1 gene possessed 2.49-fold higher promoter activity than the DD genotype (P < 0.05). We hypothesized that this indel might affect the transcriptional activity of ADPRHL1, thereby affecting the growth traits of chickens. These findings may help to elucidate the function of the ADPRHL1 gene and facilitate enhanced reproduction in the chicken industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingjie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengjie Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhu Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haoran Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinran Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunxiu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Wang T, Song J, Qu M, Gao X, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zhao L, Wang Y, Li B, Li J, Yang J. Integrative Epigenome Map of the Normal Human Prostate Provides Insights Into Prostate Cancer Predisposition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:723676. [PMID: 34513844 PMCID: PMC8427514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.723676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of all tissues in the human body share almost the exact same DNA sequence, but the epigenomic landscape can be drastically distinct. To improve our understanding of the epigenetic abnormalities in prostate-related diseases, it is important to use the epigenome of normal prostate as a reference. Although previous efforts have provided critical insights into the genetic and transcriptomic features of the normal prostate, a comprehensive epigenome map has been lacking. To address this need, we conducted a Roadmap Epigenomics legacy project integrating six histone marks (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K36me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27ac) with complete DNA methylome, transcriptome, and chromatin accessibility data to produce a comprehensive epigenome map of normal prostate tissue. Our epigenome map is composed of 18 chromatin states each with unique signatures of DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression. This map provides a high-resolution comprehensive annotation of regulatory regions of the prostate, including 105,593 enhancer and 70,481 promoter elements, which account for 5.3% of the genome. By comparing with other epigenomes, we identified 7,580 prostate-specific active enhancers associated with prostate development. Epigenomic annotation of GWAS SNPs associated with prostate cancers revealed that two out of nine SNPs within prostate enhancer regions destroyed putative androgen receptor (AR) binding motif. A notable SNP rs17694493, might decouple AR's repressive effect on CDKN2B-AS1 and cell cycle regulation, thereby playing a causal role in predisposing cancer risk. The comprehensive epigenome map of the prostate is valuable for investigating prostate-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjian Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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