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Huang M, Dong J, Yang S, Xiao M, Guo H, Zhang J, Wang D. Ecotoxicological effects of common fungicides on the eastern honeybee Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161637. [PMID: 36649770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of fungicides for plant protection has increased the potential for pollinator exposure. This study therefore aimed at assessing the acute and chronic effects of fungicides on pollinators. For this purpose, the acute oral toxicity of the common fungicides azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and boscalid to Eastern honeybee Apis cerana cerena was first evaluated, and the chronic effects on multiple aspects were investigated after exposure to a one-tenth medium lethal dose (LD50) for 10 days. This study revealed that the LD50 values of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and boscalid for adult Eastern honeybees were 12.7 μg/bee, 36.6 μg/bee, and >119 μg/bee, respectively. Midgut epithelial cells revealed that fungicide exposure caused increased intercellular spaces and varying degrees of vacuolization. Exposure to these three fungicides and their binary mixtures significantly affected glycerophospholipid, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in Eastern honeybee midguts. Additionally, the relative composition of Lactobacillus, the dominant functional genus in Eastern honeybee guts decreased and microbial balance was disrupted. All fungicides and their mixtures induced strong transcriptional upregulation of genes associated with the immune response and encoding enzymes related to oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism, including abaecin, apidaecin, hymenotaecin, cyp4c3, cyp6a2 and hbg3. Our study provides important insight for understanding the effects of commonly used fungicides on nontarget pollinator and contributes to a more comprehensive assessment of fungicide effects on ecological and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Minghui Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haikun Guo
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Deqian Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Traniello IM, Hamilton AR, Gernat T, Cash-Ahmed AC, Harwood GP, Ray AM, Glavin A, Torres J, Goldenfeld N, Robinson GE. Context-dependent influence of threat on honey bee social network dynamics and brain gene expression. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:jeb243738. [PMID: 35202460 PMCID: PMC9001921 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adverse social experience affects social structure by modifying the behavior of individuals, but the relationship between an individual's behavioral state and its response to adversity is poorly understood. We leveraged naturally occurring division of labor in honey bees and studied the biological embedding of environmental threat using laboratory assays and automated behavioral tracking of whole colonies. Guard bees showed low intrinsic levels of sociability compared with foragers and nurse bees, but large increases in sociability following exposure to a threat. Threat experience also modified the expression of caregiving-related genes in a brain region called the mushroom bodies. These results demonstrate that the biological embedding of environmental experience depends on an individual's societal role and, in turn, affects its future sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Traniello
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam R. Hamilton
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tim Gernat
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Swarm Intelligence and Complex Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Liepzig D-04109, Germany
| | - Amy C. Cash-Ahmed
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gyan P. Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Allyson M. Ray
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Abigail Glavin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob Torres
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nigel Goldenfeld
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gene E. Robinson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Traniello IM, Robinson GE. Neural and Molecular Mechanisms of Biological Embedding of Social Interactions. Annu Rev Neurosci 2021; 44:109-128. [PMID: 34236891 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092820-012959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animals operate in complex environments, and salient social information is encoded in the nervous system and then processed to initiate adaptive behavior. This encoding involves biological embedding, the process by which social experience affects the brain to influence future behavior. Biological embedding is an important conceptual framework for understanding social decision-making in the brain, as it encompasses multiple levels of organization that regulate how information is encoded and used to modify behavior. The framework we emphasize here is that social stimuli provoke short-term changes in neural activity that lead to changes in gene expression on longer timescales. This process, simplified-neurons are for today and genes are for tomorrow-enables the assessment of the valence of a social interaction, an appropriate and rapid response, and subsequent modification of neural circuitry to change future behavioral inclinations in anticipation of environmental changes. We review recent research on the neural and molecular basis of biological embedding in the context of social interactions, with a special focus on the honeybee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Traniello
- Neuroscience Program and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Gene E Robinson
- Neuroscience Program and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; .,Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Hamilton AR, Traniello IM, Ray AM, Caldwell AS, Wickline SA, Robinson GE. Division of labor in honey bees is associated with transcriptional regulatory plasticity in the brain. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb200196. [PMID: 31138635 PMCID: PMC6679348 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies in evolutionary and developmental biology show that relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes can be altered to result in novel regulatory relationships that generate phenotypic plasticity. We hypothesized that context-dependent shifts in the nervous system associated with behavior may also be linked to changes in TF-target relationships over physiological time scales. We tested this hypothesis using honey bee (Apis mellifera) division of labor as a model system by performing bioinformatic analyses of previously published brain transcriptomic profiles together with new RNAi and behavioral experiments. The bioinformatic analyses identified five TFs that exhibited strong signatures of regulatory plasticity as a function of division of labor. RNAi targeting of one of these TFs (broad complex) and a related TF that did not exhibit plasticity (fushi tarazu transcription factor 1) was administered in conjunction with automated analyses of foraging behavior in the field, laboratory assays of aggression and brood care behavior, and endocrine treatments. The results showed that changes in the regulatory relationships of these TFs were associated with behavioral state, social context and endocrine state. These findings provide the first empirical evidence that TF-target relationships in the brain are altered in conjunction with behavior and social context. They also suggest that one mechanism for this plasticity involves pleiotropic TFs high up in regulatory hierarchies producing behavior-specific transcriptional responses by activating different downstream TFs to induce discrete context-dependent transcriptional cascades. These findings provide new insights into the dynamic nature of the transcriptional regulatory architecture underlying behavior in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Hamilton
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ian M Traniello
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Allyson M Ray
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Arminius S Caldwell
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Computation and Molecular Biophysics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gene E Robinson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Smolen P, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. How can memories last for days, years, or a lifetime? Proposed mechanisms for maintaining synaptic potentiation and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:133-150. [PMID: 30992383 PMCID: PMC6478248 DOI: 10.1101/lm.049395.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With memory encoding reliant on persistent changes in the properties of synapses, a key question is how can memories be maintained from days to months or a lifetime given molecular turnover? It is likely that positive feedback loops are necessary to persistently maintain the strength of synapses that participate in encoding. Such feedback may occur within signal-transduction cascades and/or the regulation of translation, and it may occur within specific subcellular compartments or within neuronal networks. Not surprisingly, numerous positive feedback loops have been proposed. Some posited loops operate at the level of biochemical signal-transduction cascades, such as persistent activation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) or protein kinase Mζ. Another level consists of feedback loops involving transcriptional, epigenetic and translational pathways, and autocrine actions of growth factors such as BDNF. Finally, at the neuronal network level, recurrent reactivation of cell assemblies encoding memories is likely to be essential for late maintenance of memory. These levels are not isolated, but linked by shared components of feedback loops. Here, we review characteristics of some commonly discussed feedback loops proposed to underlie the maintenance of memory and long-term synaptic plasticity, assess evidence for and against their necessity, and suggest experiments that could further delineate the dynamics of these feedback loops. We also discuss crosstalk between proposed loops, and ways in which such interaction can facilitate the rapidity and robustness of memory formation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Douglas A Baxter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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