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Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Prokopidis K, Stock MS, Harmon KK, Faulkner P. "Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med 2023; 53:49-65. [PMID: 37368234 PMCID: PMC10721691 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging interest regarding the potential beneficial effects of creatine supplementation on indices of brain health and function. Creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine stores, which may help explain some of the positive effects on measures of cognition and memory, especially in aging adults or during times of metabolic stress (i.e., sleep deprivation). Furthermore, creatine has shown promise for improving health outcome measures associated with muscular dystrophy, traumatic brain injury (including concussions in children), depression, and anxiety. However, whether any sex- or age-related differences exist in regard to creatine and indices of brain health and function is relatively unknown. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) provide an up-to-date summary and discussion of the current body of research focusing on creatine and indices of brain health and function and (2) discuss possible sex- and age-related differences in response to creatine supplementation on brain bioenergetics, measures of brain health and function, and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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2
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Oliveira EF, Forbes SC, Borges EQ, Machado LF, Candow DG, Machado M. Association between dietary creatine and visuospatial short-term memory in older adults. Nutr Health 2023; 29:731-736. [PMID: 35603861 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The purpose was to examine the relationship between habitual dietary creatine intake obtained in food and visuospatial short-term memory (VSSM). Methods: Forty-two participants (32 females, 10 males; > 60 yrs of age) completed a 5-day dietary recall to estimate creatine intake and performed a cognitive assessment which included a visuospatial short-term memory test (forward and reverse corsi block test) and a mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Pearson correlation coefficients were determined. Further, cohorts were derived based on the median creatine intake. Results: There was a significant correlation between the forward Corsi (r = 0.703, P < 0.001), reverse Corsi (r = 0.715, P < 0.001), and the memory sub-component of the MMSE (r = 0.406, P = 0.004). A median creatine intake of 0.382 g/day was found. Participants consuming greater than the median had a significantly higher Corsi (P = 0.005) and reverse Corsi (P < 0.001) scores compared to participants ingesting less than the median. Conclusions: Dietary creatine intake is positively associated with measures of memory in older adults. Clinical Implications: Older adults should consider food sources containing creatine (i.e. red meat, seafood) due to the positive association with visuospatial short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Marco Machado
- Universidade Iguaçu Campus V, Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
- Itaperuna Universitary Foundation (FUNITA), Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
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Chen K, Hu X. Intranasal creatine administration increases brain creatine level and improves Barnes maze performance in rats. Brain Res Bull 2023; 201:110703. [PMID: 37429386 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
While skeletal muscle creatine levels can be enhanced by exogenous creatine supplementation, the elevation of brain creatine levels with oral creatine administration remains a challenge due to a lack of effective transportation of creatine through the blood-brain barrier. Intranasal administration can bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver drugs directly to the brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of intranasal administration of creatine on brain creatine level and cognitive performance. Rats were randomly assigned into three groups intranasal administration group, oral administration group, and control group. The intranasal group exhibited fewer errors and shorter primary latency compared to the control and oral groups, respectively, during the acquisition phase of the Barnes maze. The intranasal group spent a higher percentage of time in the target quadrant during the probe trial compared to the control group. Biochemical measurements showed that the concentration of creatine in the olfactory bulbs, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus of the rats in the intranasal group was higher than in the oral, and control groups. These results indicate that intranasal administration of creatine hydrochloride increases the creatine level in the rat's brain's and improves their performance in the Barnes maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:416-427. [PMID: 35984306 PMCID: PMC9999677 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT From an energy perspective, the brain is very metabolically demanding. It is well documented that creatine plays a key role in brain bioenergetics. There is some evidence that creatine supplementation can augment brain creatine stores, which could increase memory. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on memory performance in healthy humans. DATA SOURCES The literature was searched through the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception until September 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Twenty-three eligible RCTs were initially identified. Ten RCTs examining the effect of creatine supplementation compared with placebo on measures of memory in healthy individuals met the inclusion criteria for systematic review, 8 of which were included in the meta-analysis. DATA ANALYSIS Overall, creatine supplementation improved measures of memory compared with placebo (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.29, 95%CI, 0.04-0.53; I2 = 66%; P = 0.02). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant improvement in memory in older adults (66-76 years) (SMD = 0.88; 95%CI, 0.22-1.55; I2 = 83%; P = 0.009) compared with their younger counterparts (11-31 years) (SMD = 0.03; 95%CI, -0.14 to 0.20; I2 = 0%; P = 0.72). Creatine dose (≈ 2.2-20 g/d), duration of intervention (5 days to 24 weeks), sex, or geographical origin did not influence the findings. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation enhanced measures of memory performance in healthy individuals, especially in older adults (66-76 years). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. 42021281027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- is with the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K Triantafyllidis
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos S Kechagias
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott C Forbes
- is with the Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- is with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Kundu P, Holden S, Paraiso IL, Sudhakar R, McQuesten C, Choi J, Miranda CL, Maier CS, Bobe G, Stevens JF, Raber J. ApoE isoform-dependent effects of xanthohumol on high fat diet-induced cognitive impairments and hippocampal metabolic pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:954980. [PMID: 36278228 PMCID: PMC9583926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.954980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a high fat diet (HFD) is linked to metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairments. This is exacerbated in age-related cognitive decline (ACD) and in individuals with a genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is involved in cholesterol metabolism. In humans, there are three major isoforms, E2, E3, and E4. Compared to E3, E4 increases ACD and AD risk and vulnerability to the deleterious cognitive effects of a HFD. The plant compound Xanthohumol (XN) had beneficial effects on cognition and metabolism in C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) male mice put on a HFD at 9 weeks of age for 13 weeks. As the effects of XN in the context of a HFD in older WT, E3, and E4 female and male mice are not known, in the current study male and female WT, E3, and E4 mice were fed a HFD alone or a HFD containing 0.07% XN for 10 or 19 weeks, starting at 6 months of age, prior to the beginning of behavioral and cognitive testing. XN showed sex- and ApoE isoform-dependent effects on cognitive performance. XN-treated E4 and WT, but not E3, mice had higher glucose transporter protein levels in the hippocampus and cortex than HFD-treated mice. E3 and E4 mice had higher glucose transporter protein levels in the hippocampus and lower glucose transporter protein levels in the cortex than WT mice. In the standard experiment, regardless of XN treatment, E4 mice had nearly double as high ceramide and sphingomyelin levels than E3 mice and male mice had higher level of glycosylated ceramide than female mice. When the differential effects of HFD in E3 and E4 males were assessed, the arginine and proline metabolism pathway was affected. In the extended exposure experiment, in E3 males XN treatment affected the arginine and proline metabolism and the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Myristic acid levels were decreased in XN-treated E3 males but not E3 females. These data support the therapeutic potential for XN to ameliorate HFD-induced cognitive impairments and highlight the importance of considering sex and ApoE isoform in determining who might most benefit from this dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Kundu
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sarah Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ines L. Paraiso
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Reetesh Sudhakar
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Chloe McQuesten
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Cristobal L. Miranda
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050921. [PMID: 35267907 PMCID: PMC8912287 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the vast majority of research involving creatine supplementation has focused on skeletal muscle, there is a small body of accumulating research that has focused on creatine and the brain. Preliminary studies indicate that creatine supplementation (and guanidinoacetic acid; GAA) has the ability to increase brain creatine content in humans. Furthermore, creatine has shown some promise for attenuating symptoms of concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and depression but its effect on neurodegenerative diseases appears to be lacking. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current body of research pertaining to creatine supplementation on total creatine and phophorylcreatine (PCr) content, explore GAA as an alternative or adjunct to creatine supplementation on brain creatine uptake, assess the impact of creatine on cognition with a focus on sleep deprivation, discuss the effects of creatine supplementation on a variety of neurological and mental health conditions, and outline recent advances on creatine supplementation as a neuroprotective supplement following traumatic brain injury or concussion.
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Creatine Supplementation Upregulates mTORC1 Signaling and Markers of Synaptic Plasticity in the Dentate Gyrus While Ameliorating LPS-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Female Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082758. [PMID: 34444918 PMCID: PMC8398736 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) designates the boundary area between cognitive function in natural aging and dementia, and this is viewed as a therapeutic window to prevent the occurrence of dementia. The current study investigated the neurocognitive effects of oral creatine (Cr) supplementation in young female Wistar rats that received intracerebroventricular injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic MCI. Neuromolecular changes within the dentate gyrus were analyzed following behavioral testing. We also investigated both neurocognitive and neuromolecular changes following Cr supplementation in the absence of LPS in young female Wistar rats to further investigate mechanisms. Interestingly, based on trial 2 of Barnes maze test, Cr supplementation ameliorated spatial learning and memory deficit induced by LPS, shown by decreased latency time and errors to reach the escape box (p < 0.0001, n = 12). Cr supplementation also attenuated recognition memory deficit induced by LPS, shown by increased amount of time taken to explore the new object (p = 0.002, n = 12) during novel object recognition testing. Within the dentate gyrus, Cr supplementation in LPS injected rats upregulated mTORC1 signaling (p = 0.026 for mTOR phosphorylation, p = 0.002 for p70S6K phosphorylation, n = 8) as well as the synapsin (p = 0.008) and PSD-95 synaptic proteins (p = 0.015), in comparisons to LPS injected rats. However, Cr supplementation failed to further enhance spatial memory and recognition memory in the absence of LPS. In conclusion, Cr ameliorates LPS-induced cognitive impairment in a rodent MCI model. Mechanistically, these phenotypic effects may, in part, be mitigated via an upregulation of mTORC1 signaling, and an enhancement in synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus. While preliminary, these findings may inform future research investigating neurocognitive effects of Cr for MCI patients.
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Adlimoghaddam A, Odero GG, Glazner G, Turner RS, Albensi BC. Nilotinib Improves Bioenergetic Profiling in Brain Astroglia in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:441-465. [PMID: 33815876 PMCID: PMC7990369 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments targeting amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have minimal efficacy, which results in a huge unmet medical need worldwide. Accumulating data suggest that brain mitochondrial dysfunction play a critical role in AD pathogenesis. Targeting cellular mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in AD create a novel approach for drug development. This study investigated the effects of nilotinib, as a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in astroglia derived from 3xTg-AD mice versus their C57BL/6-controls. Parameters included oxygen consumption rates (OCR), ATP, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), citrate synthase (CS) activity, alterations in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), key regulators of mitochondrial dynamics (mitofusin (Mfn1), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)), and mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator1-alpha (PGC-1α), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)). Nilotinib increased OCR, ATP, COX, Mfn1, and OXPHOS levels in 3xTg astroglia. No significant differences were detected in levels of Drp1 protein and CS activity. Nilotinib enhanced mitochondrial numbers, potentially through a CaMKII-PGC1α-Nrf2 pathway in 3xTg astroglia. Additionally, nilotinib-induced OCR increases were reduced in the presence of the NF-κB inhibitor, Bay11-7082. The data suggest that NF-κB signaling is intimately involved in nilotinib-induced changes in bioenergetics in 3xTg brain astroglia. Nilotinib increased translocation of the NF-κB p50 subunit into the nucleus of 3xTg astroglia that correlates with an increased expression and activation of NF-κB. The current findings support a role for nilotinib in improving mitochondrial function and suggest that astroglia may be a key therapeutic target in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Adlimoghaddam
- 1Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gary G Odero
- 1Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gordon Glazner
- 1Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,2Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R Scott Turner
- 3Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- 1Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,2Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Forbes SC, Candow DG, Ferreira LHB, Souza-Junior TP. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Properties of Muscle, Bone, and Brain Function in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:318-335. [PMID: 33502271 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1877232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with reductions in muscle and bone mass and brain function, which may be counteracted by several lifestyle factors, of which exercise appears to be most beneficial. However, less than 20% of older adults (> 55 years of age) adhere to performing the recommended amount of resistance training (≥ 2 days/week) and less than 12% regularly meet the aerobic exercise guidelines (≥ 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise) required to achieve significant health benefits. Therefore, from a healthy aging and clinical perspective, it is important to determine whether other lifestyle interventions (independent of exercise) can have beneficial effects on aging muscle quality and quantity, bone strength, and brain function. Creatine, a nitrogen containing organic compound found in all cells of the body, has the potential to have favorable effects on muscle, bone, and brain health (independent of exercise) in older adults. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine and summarize the small body of research investigating the effects of creatine supplementation alone on measures of muscle mass and performance, bone mineral and strength, and indices of brain health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Luis H B Ferreira
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway is involved in ammonia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrion 2020; 57:63-75. [PMID: 33378713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is very toxic to the brain, leading to inflammation, disruption of brain cellular energy metabolism and cognitive function. However, the underlying mechanism(s) for these impairments is still not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of ammonia in hippocampal astroglia derived from C57BL/6 mice. Parameters measured included oxygen consumption rates (OCR), ATP, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity, alterations in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunits, key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator1-alpha (PGC-1α), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), early growth response (Egr) factor family of proteins, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Ammonia was found to decrease mitochondrial numbers, potentially through a CaMKII-CREB-PGC1α-Nrf2 pathway in astroglia. Ammonia did not alter the levels of Egrs and TFAM in astroglia. Ammonia decreased OCR, ATP, COX, and OXPHOS levels in astroglia. To assess whether energy metabolism is reduced by ammonia through NF-κB associated pathways, astroglia were treated with ammonia alone or with NF-κB inhibitors such as Bay11-7082 or SN50. Mitochondrial OCR levels were reduced in the presence of NF-κB inhibitors; however co-treatment of NF-κB inhibitors and ammonia reversed mitochondrial deficits. Further, ammonia increased translocation of the NF-κB p65 into the nucleus of astroglia that correlates with an increased activity of NF-κB. These findings suggest that the NF-κB signaling pathway is putatively involved in ammonia-induced changes in bioenergetics in astroglia. Such research has critical implications for the treatment of disorders in which brain bioenergetics is compromised.
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Snow WM, Cadonic C, Cortes-Perez C, Adlimoghaddam A, Roy Chowdhury SK, Thomson E, Anozie A, Bernstein MJ, Gough K, Fernyhough P, Suh M, Albensi BC. Sex-Specific Effects of Chronic Creatine Supplementation on Hippocampal-Mediated Spatial Cognition in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113589. [PMID: 33238473 PMCID: PMC7700653 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The creatine (Cr) energy system has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including reductions in brain phosphoCr and Cr kinase, yet no studies have examined the neurobehavioral effects of Cr supplementation in AD, including the 3xTg mouse model. This studied investigated the effects of Cr supplementation on spatial cognition, plasticity- and disease-related protein levels, and mitochondrial function in the 3xTg hippocampus. Here, 3xTg mice were fed a control or Cr-supplemented (3% Cr (w/w)) diet for 8–9 weeks and tested in the Morris water maze. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption (Seahorse) and protein levels (Western blots) were measured in the hippocampus in subsets of mice. Overall, 3xTg females exhibited impaired memory as compared to males. In females, Cr supplementation decreased escape latency and was associated with increased spatial search strategy use. In males, Cr supplementation decreased the use of spatial search strategies. Pilot data indicated mitochondrial enhancements with Cr supplementation in both sexes. In females, Cr supplementation increased CREB phosphorylation and levels of IκB (NF-κB suppressor), CaMKII, PSD-95, and high-molecular-weight amyloid β (Aβ) species, whereas Aβ trimers were reduced. These data suggest a beneficial preventative effect of Cr supplementation in females and warrant caution against Cr supplementation in males in the AD-like brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda M. Snow
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
- Centre for the Advancement of Teaching and Learning, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Correspondence: or (W.M.S); (B.C.A.); Tel.: +1-204-235-3942 (B.C.A.)
| | - Chris Cadonic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Claudia Cortes-Perez
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Aida Adlimoghaddam
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Subir K. Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
- Research Institute in Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ella Thomson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Adama Anozie
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael J. Bernstein
- Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Abington, Abington, PA 19001, USA;
| | - Kathleen Gough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Miyoung Suh
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Benedict C. Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; (C.C.); (C.C.-P.); (A.A.); (S.K.R.C.); (E.T.); (A.A.); (P.F.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Correspondence: or (W.M.S); (B.C.A.); Tel.: +1-204-235-3942 (B.C.A.)
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Robinson JL, McBreairty LE, Ryan RA, Randunu R, Walsh CJ, Martin GM, Brunton JA, Bertolo RF. Effects of supplemental creatine and guanidinoacetic acid on spatial memory and the brain of weaned Yucatan miniature pigs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226806. [PMID: 31905208 PMCID: PMC6944358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of creatine as a potential cognitive enhancement supplement for humans prompted an investigation as to whether supplemental creatine could enhance spatial memory in young swine. We assessed memory performance and brain concentrations of creatine and its precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in 14-16-week-old male Yucatan miniature pigs supplemented for 2 weeks with either 200 mg/kg∙d creatine (+Cr; n = 7) or equimolar GAA (157 mg/kg∙d) (+GAA; n = 8) compared to controls (n = 14). Spatial memory tests had pigs explore distinct sets of objects for 5 min. Objects were spatially controlled, and we assessed exploration times of previously viewed objects relative to novel objects in familiar or novel locations. There was no effect of either supplementation on memory performance, but pigs successfully identified novel objects after 10 (p < 0.01) and 20 min (p < 0.01) retention intervals. Moreover, pigs recognized spatial transfers after 65 min (p < 0.05). Regression analyses identified associations between the ability to identify novel objects in memory tests and concentrations of creatine and GAA in cerebellum, and GAA in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). The concentration of creatine in brain regions was not influenced by creatine supplementation, but GAA supplementation increased GAA concentration in cerebellum (p < 0.05), and the prefrontal cortex of +GAA pigs had more creatine/g and less GAA/g compared to +Cr pigs (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase activity and maximal reaction velocity were also higher with GAA supplementation in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there appears to be a relationship between memory performance and guanidino compounds in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, but the effects were unrelated to dietary supplementation. The cerebellum is identified as a target site for GAA accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Laura E. McBreairty
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Rebecca A. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Raniru Randunu
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Carolyn J. Walsh
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gerard M. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Janet A. Brunton
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert F. Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Fernández MJF, Valero-Cases E, Rincon-Frutos L. Food Components with the Potential to be Used in the Therapeutic Approach of Mental Diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:100-113. [PMID: 30255749 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180925120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders represent a high influence in our society throughout the world. Although the symptoms arising from those diseases are well known, the causes and mechanisms are complex and depending on multiple factors. Some food components consumed as part of our diet have been studied regarding their incidence in different common neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease, major depression, Parkinson disease, autism and schizophrenia among others. OBJECTIVE In this review, information has been gathered on the main evidences arising from studies on the most promising food components, related to their therapeutic potential, as part of dietary supplements or through the diet, as an alternative or a complement of the traditional drug treatments. Those food components include vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, carotenoids, polyphenols, bioactive peptides, probiotics, creatine and saponins. RESULTS Many in vitro and in vivo animal studies, randomized and placebo control trials, and systematic reviews on the scientific results published in the literature, have been discussed, highlighting the more recent advances, also with the aim to explore the main research needs. Particular attention has been paid to the mechanisms of action of the compounds regarding their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative properties and neuronal protection. CONCLUSION More research is needed to prove the therapeutic potential of the food components based on scientific evidence, also on intervention studies to demonstrate the improvement of neuronal and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J F Fernández
- Agro-food Technology Department, High Polytechnic School, Miguel Hernandez University, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Estefanía Valero-Cases
- Agro-food Technology Department, High Polytechnic School, Miguel Hernandez University, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Rincon-Frutos
- Ocular Neurobiology Group, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC, San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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Albensi BC. What Is Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) Doing in and to the Mitochondrion? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:154. [PMID: 31448275 PMCID: PMC6692429 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of literature supports the idea that nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling contributes to not only immunity, but also inflammation, cancer, and nervous system function. However, studies on NF-κB activity in mitochondrial function are much more limited and scattered throughout the literature. For example, in 2001 it was first published that NF-κB subunits were found in the mitochondria, including not only IkBα and NF-κB p65 subunits, but also NF-κB pathway proteins such as IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ, but not much follow-up work has been done to date. Upon further thought the lack of studies on NF-κB activity in mitochondrial function is surprising given the importance and the evolutionary history of both NF-κB and the mitochondrion. Both are ancient in their appearance in our biological record where both contribute substantially to cell survival, cell death, and the regulation of function and/or disease. Studies also show NF-κB can influence mitochondrial function from outside the mitochondria. Therefore, it is essential to understand the complexity of these roles both inside and out of this organelle. In this review, an attempt is made to understand how NF-κB activity contributes to overall mitochondrial function – both inside and out. The discussion at times is speculative and perhaps even provocative to some, since NF-κB does not yet have defined mitochondrial targeting sequences for some nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and mechanisms of mitochondrial import for NF-κB are not yet entirely understood. Also, the data associated with the mitochondrial localization of proteins must be yet further proved with additional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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