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Paes D, Schepers M, Rombaut B, van den Hove D, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J. The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1016-1049. [PMID: 34233947 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to enhance cAMP signaling in a broad range of diseases, including several types of cancers, as well as in various neurologic, dermatological, and inflammatory diseases. Despite their widespread therapeutic potential, the progression of PDE4 inhibitors into the clinic has been hampered because of their related relatively small therapeutic window, which increases the chance of producing adverse side effects. Interestingly, the PDE4 enzyme family consists of several subtypes and isoforms that can be modified post-translationally or can engage in specific protein-protein interactions to yield a variety of conformational states. Inhibition of specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, or conformational states may lead to more precise effects and hence improve the safety profile of PDE4 inhibition. In this review, we provide an overview of the variety of PDE4 isoforms and how their activity and inhibition is influenced by post-translational modifications and interactions with partner proteins. Furthermore, we describe the importance of screening potential PDE4 inhibitors in view of different PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and conformational states rather than testing compounds directed toward a specific PDE4 catalytic domain. Lastly, potential mechanisms underlying PDE4-mediated adverse effects are outlined. In this review, we illustrate that PDE4 inhibitors retain their therapeutic potential in myriad diseases, but target identification should be more precise to establish selective inhibition of disease-affected PDE4 isoforms while avoiding isoforms involved in adverse effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the PDE4 enzyme family is a therapeutic target in an extensive range of disorders, clinical use of PDE4 inhibitors has been hindered because of the adverse side effects. This review elaborately shows that safer and more effective PDE4 targeting is possible by characterizing 1) which PDE4 subtypes and isoforms exist, 2) how PDE4 isoforms can adopt specific conformations upon post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions, and 3) which PDE4 inhibitors can selectively bind specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and/or conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Jun YW, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Novel GFP-fused protein probes for detecting phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate in the plasma membrane. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:164-169. [PMID: 31231579 PMCID: PMC6567041 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1599424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) plays a crucial role in cellular functions, including protein trafficking, and is mainly located in the cytoplasmic surface of intracellular membranes, which include the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane. However, many PI4P-binding domains of membrane-associated proteins are localized only to the TGN because of the requirement of a second binding protein such as ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) in order to be stably localized to the specific membrane. In this study, we developed new probes that were capable of detecting PI4P at the plasma membrane using the known TGN-targeting PI4P-binding domains. The PI4P-specific binding pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of various proteins including CERT, OSBP, OSH1, and FAPP1 was combined with the N-terminal moderately hydrophobic domain of the short-form of Aplysia phosphodiesterase 4 (S(N30)), which aids in plasma membrane association but cannot alone facilitate this association. As a result, we found that the addition of S(N30) to the N-terminus of the GFP-fused PH domain of OSBP (S(N30)-GFP-OSBP-PH), OSH1 (S(N30)-GFP-OSH1-PH), or FAPP1 (S(N30)-GFP-FAPP1-PH) could induce plasma membrane localization, as well as retain TGN localization. The plasma membrane localization of S(N30)-GFP-FAPP1-PH is mediated by PI4P binding only, whereas those of S(N30)-GFP-OSBP-PH and S(N30)-GFP-OSH1-PH are mediated by either PI4P or PI(4,5)P2 binding. Taken together, we developed new probes that detect PI4P at the plasma membrane using a combination of a moderately hydrophobic domain with the known TGN-targeting PI4P-specific binding PH domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
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Hansen RT, Zhang HT. The Past, Present, and Future of Phosphodiesterase-4 Modulation for Age-Induced Memory Loss. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:169-199. [PMID: 28956333 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the state of progress for phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) modulation as a potential therapeutic for psychiatric illness, and to draw attention to particular hurdles and obstacles that must be overcome in future studies to develop PDE4-mediated therapeutics. Pathological and non-pathological related memory loss will be the focus of the chapter; however, we will at times also touch upon other psychiatric illnesses like anxiety and depression. First, we will provide a brief background of PDE4, and the rationale for its extensive study in cognition. Second, we will explore fundamental differences in individual PDE4 subtypes, and then begin to address differences between pathological and non-pathological aging. Alterations of cAMP/PDE4 signaling that occur within normal vs. pathological aging, and the potential for PDE4 modulation to combat these alterations within each context will be described. Finally, we will finish the chapter with obstacles that have hindered the field, and future studies and alternative viewpoints that need to be addressed. Overall, we hope this chapter will demonstrate the incredible complexity of PDE4 signaling in the brain, and will be useful in forming a strategy to develop future PDE4-mediated therapeutics for psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf T Hansen
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9137, USA
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, China.
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Hangover Links Nuclear RNA Signaling to cAMP Regulation via the Phosphodiesterase 4d Ortholog dunce. Cell Rep 2017; 18:533-544. [PMID: 28076795 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hangover gene defines a cellular stress pathway that is required for rapid ethanol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. To understand how cellular stress changes neuronal function, we analyzed Hangover function on a cellular and neuronal level. We provide evidence that Hangover acts as a nuclear RNA binding protein and we identified the phosphodiesterase 4d ortholog dunce as a target RNA. We generated a transcript-specific dunce mutant that is impaired not only in ethanol tolerance but also in the cellular stress response. At the neuronal level, Dunce and Hangover are required in the same neuron pair to regulate experience-dependent motor output. Within these neurons, two cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent mechanisms balance the degree of tolerance. The balance is achieved by feedback regulation of Hangover and dunce transcript levels. This study provides insight into how nuclear Hangover/RNA signaling is linked to the cytoplasmic regulation of cAMP levels and results in neuronal adaptation and behavioral changes.
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Jun YW, Lee JA, Kaang BK, Jang DJ. PI4KII activity-dependent Golgi complex targeting of Aplysia phosphodiesterase 4 long-form mutant. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1371073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Biological Science, College of Life Science and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
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Lee YK, Jun YW, Choi HE, Huh YH, Kaang BK, Jang DJ, Lee JA. Development of LC3/GABARAP sensors containing a LIR and a hydrophobic domain to monitor autophagy. EMBO J 2017; 36:1100-1116. [PMID: 28320742 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy allows for bulk degradation of cytosolic components in lysosomes. Overexpression of GFP/RFP-LC3/GABARAP is commonly used to monitor autophagosomes, a hallmark of autophagy, despite artifacts related to their overexpression. Here, we developed new sensors that detect endogenous LC3/GABARAP proteins at the autophagosome using an LC3-interacting region (LIR) and a short hydrophobic domain (HyD). Among HyD-LIR-GFP sensors harboring LIR motifs of 34 known LC3-binding proteins, HyD-LIR(TP)-GFP using the LIR motif from TP53INP2 allowed detection of all LC3/GABARAPs-positive autophagosomes. However, HyD-LIR(TP)-GFP preferentially localized to GABARAP/GABARAPL1-positive autophagosomes in a LIR-dependent manner. In contrast, HyD-LIR(Fy)-GFP using the LIR motif from FYCO1 specifically detected LC3A/B-positive autophagosomes. HyD-LIR(TP)-GFP and HyD-LIR(Fy)-GFP efficiently localized to autophagosomes in the presence of endogenous LC3/GABARAP levels and without affecting autophagic flux. Both sensors also efficiently localized to MitoTracker-positive damaged mitochondria upon mitophagy induction. HyD-LIR(TP)-GFP allowed live-imaging of dynamic autophagosomes upon autophagy induction. These novel autophagosome sensors can thus be widely used in autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Center for Electron Microscopy Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea
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Um SM, Jun YW, Kim KH, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Analysis of molecular mechanism of cellular localization of various N-terminal mutants of Aplysia PDE4 in HEK293T cells. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2016.29.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jang DJ, Kim HF, Sim JH, Lim CS, Kaang BK. Specific Expression of Aplysia Phosphodiesterase 4 in Bag Cells Revealed by in situ Hybridization Analysis. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:246-51. [PMID: 26412974 PMCID: PMC4580752 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a key role in the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which in turn mediates various cellular functions including learning and memory. We previously cloned and characterized three PDE4 isoforms (ApPDE4) from Aplysia kurodai. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that ApPDE4 isoforms are primarily expressed in the central nervous system. However, the detailed distribution of ApPDE4 mRNA in Aplysia individual ganglions was not evident. In this study, to determine the distribution of ApPDE4 mRNAs in Aplysia ganglions, we performed in situ hybridization (ISH) using a probe targeting ApPDE4, including the PDE catalytic domain. Interestingly, we found the strongest ISH-positive signals in the symmetrical bag cell clusters of the abdominal ganglion. The R2, R14, L7, L2 and L11 neurons in the abdominal ganglion, LP1 neuron in pleural ganglion, and metacerebral (MCC) neurons were ISH-positive. Mechanosensory neurons of the sensory cluster were also stained on the ventral aspect of the right and left pleural ganglia. Taken together, we found the detailed distribution of ApPDE4 mRNA in Aplysia ganglion and support their roles in serotonin (5-HT)-induced synaptic facilitation of Aplysia mechanosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Hyoung F Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Sim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chae-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Jun MH, Jun YW, Kim KH, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Characterization of the cellular localization of C4orf34 as a novel endoplasmic reticulum resident protein. BMB Rep 2015; 47:563-8. [PMID: 24499674 PMCID: PMC4261514 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.10.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genome projects have enabled whole genome mapping and improved our understanding of the genes in humans. However, many unknown genes remain to be functionally characterized. In this study, we characterized human chromosome 4 open reading frame 34 gene (hC4orf34). hC4orf34 was highly conserved from invertebrate to mammalian cells and ubiquitously expressed in the organs of mice, including the heart and brain. Interestingly, hC4orf34 is a novel ER-resident, type I transmembrane protein. Mutant analysis showed that the transmembrane domain (TMD) of hC4orf34 was involved in ER retention. Overall, our results indicate that hC4orf34 is an ER-resident type I transmembrane protein, and might play a role in ER functions including Ca2+ homeostasis and ER stress. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(10): 563-568]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hee Jun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Young-Wu Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Korea
| | - Kun-Hyung Kim
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Korea
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Jun YW, Kim S, Kim KH, Lee JA, Lim CS, Chang I, Suh BC, Kaang BK, Jang DJ. Analysis of phosphoinositide-binding properties and subcellular localization of GFP-fusion proteins. Lipids 2015; 50:427-36. [PMID: 25688026 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-3994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific protein-phosphoinositide (PI) interactions are known to play a key role in the targeting of proteins to specific cellular membranes. Investigation of these interactions would be greatly facilitated if GFP-fusion proteins expressed in mammalian cells and used for their subcellular localization could also be employed for in vitro lipid binding. In this study, we found that lysates of cells overexpressing GFP-fusion proteins could be used for in vitro protein-PI binding assays. We applied this approach to examine the PI-binding properties of Aplysia Sec7 protein (ApSec7) and its isoform ApSec7(VPKIS), in which a VPKIS sequence is inserted into the PH domain of ApSec7. EGFP-ApSec7 but not EGFP-ApSec7(VPKIS) did specifically bind to PI(3,4,5)P3 in an in vitro lipid-coated bead assay. Overexpression of EGFP-ApSec7 but not EGFP-ApSec7(VPKIS) did induce neurite outgrowth in Aplysia sensory neurons. Structure modeling analysis revealed that the inserted VPKIS caused misfolding around the PI(3,4,5)P3-binding pocket of ApSec7 and disturbed the binding of PI(3,4,5)P3 to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Our data indicate that plasma membrane localization of EGFP-ApSec7 via the interaction between its PH domain and PI(3,4,5)P3 might play a key role in neurite outgrowth in Aplysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sang-ju, Korea
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Kim KH, Jun YW, Park Y, Lee JA, Suh BC, Lim CS, Lee YS, Kaang BK, Jang DJ. Intracellular membrane association of the Aplysia cAMP phosphodiesterase long and short forms via different targeting mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25797-811. [PMID: 25077971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play key roles in cAMP compartmentalization, which is required for intracellular signaling processes, through specific subcellular targeting. Previously, we showed that the long and short forms of Aplysia PDE4 (ApPDE4), which are localized to the membranes of distinct subcellular organelles, play key roles in 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced synaptic facilitation in Aplysia sensory and motor synapses. However, the molecular mechanism of the isoform-specific distinct membrane targeting was not clear. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of the membrane targeting of the ApPDE4 long and short forms. We found that the membrane targeting of the long form was mediated by hydrophobic interactions, mainly via 16 amino acids at the N-terminal region, whereas the short form was targeted solely to the plasma membrane, mainly by nonspecific electrostatic interactions between their N termini and the negatively charged lipids such as the phosphatidylinositol polyphosphates PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, which are embedded in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Moreover, oligomerization of the long or short form by interaction of their respective upstream conserved region domains, UCR1 and UCR2, enhanced their plasma membrane targeting. These results suggest that the long and short forms of ApPDE4 are distinctly targeted to intracellular membranes through their direct association with the membranes via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hyung Kim
- From the Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 386, Gajang-dong, Sangju-si, Kyungbuk 742-711, Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- From the Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 386, Gajang-dong, Sangju-si, Kyungbuk 742-711, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Park
- the Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jin-A Lee
- the Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, 461-6, Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Byung-Chang Suh
- the Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Korea
| | - Chae-Seok Lim
- the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea, and
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea, and
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- From the Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 386, Gajang-dong, Sangju-si, Kyungbuk 742-711, Korea,
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Lee C, Mayfield RD, Harris RA. Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 splicing in alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:765-73. [PMID: 24209778 PMCID: PMC3999301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol exposure can change splice variant expression. The gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor undergoes splicing and is an alcoholism treatment target, but there is little information about splicing changes in this receptor in alcoholics. We studied GABAB receptor subunit 1 (GABAB1) splicing in alcoholic postmortem brains. METHODS To maximize GABAB1 splice junction identification, we combined gene specific libraries with RNA-seq. Splice junctions and mapped reads were also found from intronic and intergenic regions. We compared GABAB1 splice junctions in prefrontal cortices from 14 alcoholic and 15 control subjects and introduced new strategies, reads per kilobase of splice junction model per million mapped reads and reads per kilobase of gene model per million mapped reads, for quantitating splice junction and gene expression. RESULTS Novel splice junction detection indicated that the GABAB1 gene is at least two times longer than the previously reported gene length. GABAB1 exon and intron expression data showed low expression at the 5' end exons and exon grouping. This indicated that there are short splicing variants in addition to GABAB receptor subunit GABAB1a, the longest known major transcript. We found that chronic alcohol altered exon/intron expression and splice junction levels. Decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid binding site, a transmembrane domain and a microRNA binding site may decrease normal GABAB1 transcript population and thereby decrease normal signal transduction in alcoholics. CONCLUSIONS We discovered novel, complex splicing of GABAB1 in human brain and showed that chronic alcohol produces additional splicing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Lee
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Section of Neurobiology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Section of Neurobiology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Section of Neurobiology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Kim KH, Jun YW, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Identification of N-terminal amino acids of ApPDE4 involved in targeting to plasma membrane and cellular morphological change by expression of N-terminal peptide. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2013.26.1.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Learning-related synaptic growth mediated by internalization of Aplysia cell adhesion molecule is controlled by membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthetic pathway. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16296-305. [PMID: 23152613 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1872-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term facilitation in Aplysia is accompanied by the growth of new synaptic connections between the sensory and motor neurons of the gill-withdrawal reflex. One of the initial steps leading to the growth of these synapses is the internalization, induced by 5-HT, of the transmembrane isoform of Aplysia cell-adhesion molecule (TM-apCAM) from the plasma membrane of sensory neurons (Bailey et al., 1992). However, the mechanisms that govern the internalization of TM-apCAM and how this internalization is coupled to the molecular events that initiate the structural changes are not fully understood. Here, we report that the synthesis of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)], which is known to be mediated by a signaling cascade through Aplysia Sec7 protein (ApSec7) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type I α (PIP5KIα) is required for both the internalization of TM-apCAM and the initiation of synaptic growth during 5-HT-induced long-term facilitation. Pharmacological blockade of PI(4,5)P(2) synthesis by the application of the inhibitor phenylarsine oxide blocked the internalization of apCAM. Furthermore, perturbation of the endogenous activation of ApSec7 and its downstream target PIP5KIα also blocked 5-HT-mediated internalization of TM-apCAM and synaptic growth. Finally, long-term facilitation was specifically impaired by blocking the ApSec7 signaling pathway at sensory-to-motor neuron synapses. These data indicate that the ApSec7/PIP5KIα signaling pathway is actively recruited during learning-related 5-HT signaling and acts as a key regulator of apCAM internalization associated with the formation of new synaptic connections during long-term facilitation.
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Birner-Gruenberger R, Darnhofer B, Chen WQ, Monje FJ, Lubec G. Proteomic characterization of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica-a protein resource for neuroscience. Proteomics 2012; 12:2482-6. [PMID: 22696492 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aplysia californica (AC) is a widely used model for testing learning and memory. Although ESTs have been generated, proteomics studies on AC proteins are limited. Studies at the protein level, however, are mandatory, not only due to the fact that studies at the nucleic acid level are not allowing conclusions about PTMs. A gel-based proteomics method was therefore applied to carry out protein profiling in abdominal ganglia from AC. Abdominal ganglia were extirpated, proteins extracted and run on 2DE with subsequent in-gel digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and partially by subtilisin. Peptides were identified using a nano-LC-ESI-LTQ-FT-mass spectrometer. MS/MS data were analyzed by searching the NCBI nonredundant public AC EST database and the NCBI nonredundant public AC protein database. A total of 477 different proteins represented by 363 protein spots were detected and were assigned to different protein pathways as for instance signaling (receptors, protein kinases, and phosphatases), metabolism, protein synthesis, handling and degradation, cytoskeleton and structural, oxido-redox, heat shock and chaperone, hypothetical, predicted and unnamed proteins. The generation of a protein map of soluble proteins shows the existence of so far hypothetical and predicted proteins and is allowing and challenging further work at the protein level, in particular in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Proteomics Core Facility, Center for Medical Research and Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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Jang DJ, Lee JA, Chae YS, Kaang BK. State-dependent disruption of short-term facilitation due to overexpression of the apPDE4 supershort form in Aplysia. Mol Cells 2011; 31:175-80. [PMID: 21229325 PMCID: PMC3932685 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play important roles in synaptic plasticity by regulating cAMP signaling in various organisms. The supershort, short, and long forms of Aplysia PDE4 (apPDE4) have been cloned, and the long form has been shown to play a crucial role in 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced synaptic plasticity in Aplysia. To address the role of the supershort form in 5-HT-induced synaptic plasticity in Aplysia, we overexpressed the apPDE4 supershort form in Aplysia sensory neurons. Consequently, 5-HT-induced hyperexcitability and short-term facilitation in nondepressed synapses were blocked. However, the supershort form did not inhibit 5-HT-induced short-term facilitation in highly depressed synapses. These results show that the supershort form plays an important role in 5-HT-induced synaptic plasticity and disrupts it mainly by impairing cAMP signaling in Aplysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Jin Jang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Memory, Departments of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
- Present address: Department of Applied Biology, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Chae
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Memory, Departments of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Memory, Departments of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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