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Dangoni GD, Teixeira ACB, da Costa SS, Scliar MO, Carvalho LML, Silva LN, Novak EM, Vince CSC, Maschietto MC, Sugayama SMM, Odone-Filho V, Krepischi ACV. Germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes among pediatric patients with cancer and congenital anomalies. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1346-1355. [PMID: 38182823 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-03000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer has a poorly known etiology, and investigating the underlying genetic background may provide novel insights. A recognized association exists between non-chromosomal birth defects and childhood cancer susceptibility. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray analysis in a cohort of childhood cancer (22 individuals, 50% with congenital anomalies) to unravel deleterious germline variants. RESULTS A diagnostic yield of 14% was found, encompassing heterozygous variants in bona fide dominant Cancer Predisposition Genes (CPGs). Considering candidate and recessive CPGs harboring monoallelic variants, which were also deemed to play a role in the phenotype, the yield escalated to 45%. Most of the deleterious variants were mapped in genes not conventionally linked to the patient's tumor type. Relevant findings were detected in 55% of the syndromic individuals, mostly variants potentially underlying both phenotypes. CONCLUSION We uncovered a remarkable prevalence of germline deleterious CPG variants, highlighting the significance of a comprehensive genetic analysis in pediatric cancer, especially when coupled with additional clinical signs. Moreover, our findings emphasized the potential for oligogenic inheritance, wherein multiple genes synergistically increase cancer risk. Lastly, our investigation unveiled potentially novel genotype-phenotype associations, such as SETD5 in neuroblastoma, KAT6A in gliomas, JAG1 in hepatoblastomas, and TNFRSF13B in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. IMPACT Novel gene-phenotype associations and candidate genes for pediatric cancer were unraveled, such as KAT6A in gliomas, SETD5 in neuroblastoma, JAG1 in hepatoblastomas, and TNFRSF13B in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Our analysis revealed a high frequency of deleterious germline variants, particularly in cases accompanied by additional clinical signs, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive genetic evaluation in childhood cancer. Our findings also underscored the potential for oligogenic inheritance in pediatric cancer risk. Understanding the cancer etiology is crucial for genetic counseling, often influencing therapeutic decisions and offering valuable insights into molecular targets for the development of oncological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Dangoni
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline B Teixeira
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia S da Costa
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília O Scliar
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura M L Carvalho
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Estela M Novak
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sofia M M Sugayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vicente Odone-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina V Krepischi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hashemi M, Razzazan M, Bagheri M, Asadi S, Jamali B, Khalafi M, Azimi A, Rad S, Behroozaghdam M, Nabavi N, Rashidi M, Dehkhoda F, Taheriazam A, Entezari M. Versatile function of AMPK signaling in osteosarcoma: An old player with new emerging carcinogenic functions. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154849. [PMID: 37837858 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling has a versatile role in Osteosarcoma (OS), an aggressive bone malignancy with a poor prognosis, particularly in cases that have metastasized or recurred. This review explores the regulatory mechanisms, functional roles, and therapeutic applications of AMPK signaling in OS. It focuses on the molecular activation of AMPK and its interactions with cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. The uncertain role of AMPK in cancer is also discussed, highlighting its potential as both a tumor suppressor and a contributor to carcinogenesis. The therapeutic potential of targeting AMPK signaling in OS treatment is examined, including direct and indirect activators like metformin, A-769662, resveratrol, and salicylate. Further research is needed to determine dosing, toxicities, and molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-osteosarcoma effects of these compounds. This review underscores the complex involvement of AMPK signaling in OS and emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of its molecular mechanisms. By elucidating the role of AMPK in OS, the aim is to pave the way for innovative therapeutic approaches that target this pathway, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life for OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Razzazan
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Bagheri
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behdokht Jamali
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Kherad Institute of Higher Education, Bushehr, lran
| | - Maryam Khalafi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics,Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kish International Branch, Kish, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Azimi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics,Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kish International Branch, Kish, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rad
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics,Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kish International Branch, Kish, Iran
| | - Mitra Behroozaghdam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Farshid Dehkhoda
- Department of Orthopedics, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Schroeder C, Faust U, Krauße L, Liebmann A, Abele M, Demidov G, Schütz L, Kelemen O, Pohle A, Gauß S, Sturm M, Roggia C, Streiter M, Buchert R, Armenau-Ebinger S, Nann D, Beschorner R, Handgretinger R, Ebinger M, Lang P, Holzer U, Skokowa J, Ossowski S, Haack TB, Mau-Holzmann UA, Dufke A, Riess O, Brecht IB. Clinical trio genome sequencing facilitates the interpretation of variants in cancer predisposition genes in paediatric tumour patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1139-1146. [PMID: 37507557 PMCID: PMC10545765 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in genes associated with cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) is estimated to be 8-18% for paediatric cancer patients. In more than half of the carriers, the family history is unsuspicious for CPS. Therefore, broad genetic testing could identify germline predisposition in additional children with cancer resulting in important implications for themselves and their families. We thus evaluated clinical trio genome sequencing (TGS) in a cohort of 72 paediatric patients with solid cancers other than retinoblastoma or CNS-tumours. The most prevalent cancer types were sarcoma (n = 26), neuroblastoma (n = 15), and nephroblastoma (n = 10). Overall, P/LP variants in CPS genes were identified in 18.1% of patients (13/72) and P/LP variants in autosomal-dominant CPS genes in 9.7% (7/72). Genetic evaluation would have been recommended for the majority of patients with P/LP variants according to the Jongmans criteria. Four patients (5.6%, 4/72) carried P/LP variants in autosomal-dominant genes known to be associated with their tumour type. With the immediate information on variant inheritance, TGS facilitated the identification of a de novo P/LP in NF1, a gonadosomatic mosaic in WT1 and two pathogenic variants in one patient (DICER1 and PALB2). TGS allows a more detailed characterization of structural variants with base-pair resolution of breakpoints which can be relevant for the interpretation of copy number variants. Altogether, TGS allows comprehensive identification of children with a CPS and supports the individualised clinical management of index patients and high-risk relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Personalized Cancer Prevention, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Faust
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luisa Krauße
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Liebmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Abele
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - German Demidov
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leon Schütz
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Kelemen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Pohle
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silja Gauß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cristiana Roggia
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Streiter
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sorin Armenau-Ebinger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Nann
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rudi Beschorner
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Lang
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Holzer
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Skokowa
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike A Mau-Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Personalized Cancer Prevention, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NGS Core Centre Tübingen, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ines B Brecht
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Whole-genome sequencing reveals de-novo mutations associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11743. [PMID: 35817949 PMCID: PMC9273634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority (85%) of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) cases occur sporadically, suggesting a role for de novo mutations (DNMs) in the etiology of nsCL/P. To identify high impact protein-altering DNMs that contribute to the risk of nsCL/P, we conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analyses in 130 African case-parent trios (affected probands and unaffected parents). We identified 162 high confidence protein-altering DNMs some of which are based on available evidence, contribute to the risk of nsCL/P. These include novel protein-truncating DNMs in the ACTL6A, ARHGAP10, MINK1, TMEM5 and TTN genes; as well as missense variants in ACAN, DHRS3, DLX6, EPHB2, FKBP10, KMT2D, RECQL4, SEMA3C, SEMA4D, SHH, TP63, and TULP4. Many of these protein-altering DNMs were predicted to be pathogenic. Analysis using mouse transcriptomics data showed that some of these genes are expressed during the development of primary and secondary palate. Gene-set enrichment analysis of the protein-altering DNMs identified palatal development and neural crest migration among the few processes that were significantly enriched. These processes are directly involved in the etiopathogenesis of clefting. The analysis of the coding sequence in the WGS data provides more evidence of the opportunity for novel findings in the African genome.
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Thakkar MK, Lee J, Meyer S, Chang VY. RecQ Helicase Somatic Alterations in Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:887758. [PMID: 35782872 PMCID: PMC9240438 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.887758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Named the “caretakers” of the genome, RecQ helicases function in several pathways to maintain genomic stability and repair DNA. This highly conserved family of enzymes consist of five different proteins in humans: RECQL1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQL5. Biallelic germline mutations in BLM, WRN, and RECQL4 have been linked to rare cancer-predisposing syndromes. Emerging research has also implicated somatic alterations in RecQ helicases in a variety of cancers, including hematological malignancies, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, amongst others. These alterations in RecQ helicases, particularly overexpression, may lead to increased resistance of cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy. Downregulation of these proteins may allow for increased sensitivity to chemotherapy, and, therefore, may be important therapeutic targets. Here we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the role of RecQ DNA helicases in cancer and discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities in targeting these helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha K. Thakkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jamie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Division of Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital and Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Y. Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Childrens Discovery and Innovation Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Vivian Y. Chang,
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Cancer risk among RECQL4 heterozygotes. Cancer Genet 2022; 262-263:107-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zheng C, Wang Y, Luo Y, Pang Z, Zhou Y, Min L, Tu C. Synchronous lung and multiple soft tissue metastases developed from osteosarcoma of tibia: a rare case report and genetic profile analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:74. [PMID: 35057767 PMCID: PMC8780329 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor with a highly metastatic propensity in children and young adolescents. The majority of metastases develope in the lung, while metastases to the extrapulmonary locations have rarely been discussed, especially in skeletal muscle.
Case presentation
We reported a young patient with pathologically diagnosed osteosarcoma of the right tibia who was initially treated with standard chemotherapy and complete surgical resection. However, pulmonary metastases and multiple soft tissue masses in skeletal muscle developed four years after the index surgical resection. Subsequently, a targeted next-generation sequencing assay based on an 806 oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes panel was performed to analyze genetic alterations in this patient with rare metastatic pattern. The genetic analysis revealed canonical somatic mutations of RB1 and germline variants of ALK (c.862 T > C), BLM (c.1021C > T), PTCH1 (c.152_154del), MSH2 (c.14C > A), RAD51C (c.635G > A). Using silico prediction programs, the germline variants of the MSH2 and RAD51C were predicted as “Possibly Damaging” by Polymorphism Phenotyping v2 (PolyPhen-2) and “Tolerated” by Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT); BLM was classified as “Tolerated”, while the germline variant of ALK was predicted to be pathogenic by both PolyPhen-2 and SIFT.
Conclusions
Osteosarcoma with extrapulmonary metastases is rare, especially located in the skeletal muscle, which predicts a worse clinical outcome compared with lung-only metastases. The several novel variants of ALK, BLM, PTCH1 in this patient might expand the mutational spectrums of the osteosarcoma. All the results may contribute to a better understanding of the clinical course and genetic characteristics of osteosarcoma patients with metastasis.
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Balajee AS. Human RecQL4 as a Novel Molecular Target for Cancer Therapy. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:305-327. [PMID: 34474412 DOI: 10.1159/000516568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human RecQ helicases play diverse roles in the maintenance of genomic stability. Inactivating mutations in 3 of the 5 human RecQ helicases are responsible for the pathogenesis of Werner syndrome (WS), Bloom syndrome (BS), Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), RAPADILINO, and Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS). WS, BS, and RTS patients are at increased risk for developing many age-associated diseases including cancer. Mutations in RecQL1 and RecQL5 have not yet been associated with any human diseases so far. In terms of disease outcome, RecQL4 deserves special attention because mutations in RecQL4 result in 3 autosomal recessive syndromes (RTS type II, RAPADILINO, and BGS). RecQL4, like other human RecQ helicases, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the maintenance of genomic stability through participation in diverse DNA metabolic activities. Increased incidence of osteosarcoma in RecQL4-mutated RTS patients and elevated expression of RecQL4 in sporadic cancers including osteosarcoma suggest that loss or gain of RecQL4 expression is linked with cancer susceptibility. In this review, current and future perspectives are discussed on the potential use of RecQL4 as a novel cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adayabalam S Balajee
- Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory, Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Miller DB, Piccolo SR. A Survey of Compound Heterozygous Variants in Pediatric Cancers and Structural Birth Defects. Front Genet 2021; 12:640242. [PMID: 33828584 PMCID: PMC8019969 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.640242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound heterozygous (CH) variants occur when two recessive alleles are inherited and the variants are located at different loci within the same gene in a given individual. CH variants are important contributors to many different types of recessively inherited diseases. However, many studies overlook CH variants because identification of this type of variant requires knowing the parent of origin for each nucleotide. Using computational methods, haplotypes can be inferred using a process called "phasing," which estimates the chromosomal origin of most nucleotides. In this paper, we used germline, phased, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data to identify CH variants across seven pediatric diseases (adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: n = 16, congenital heart defects: n = 709, disorders of sex development: n = 79, ewing sarcoma: n = 287, neuroblastoma: n = 259, orofacial cleft: n = 107, and syndromic cranial dysinnervation: n = 172), available as parent-child trios in the Gabriella Miller Kids First Data Resource Center. Relatively little is understood about the genetic underpinnings of these diseases. We classified CH variants as "potentially damaging" based on minor allele frequencies (MAF), Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion scores, variant impact on transcription or translation, and gene-level frequencies in the disease group compared to a healthy population. For comparison, we also identified homozygous alternate (HA) variants, which affect both gene copies at a single locus; HA variants represent an alternative mechanism of recessive disease development and do not require phasing. Across all diseases, 2.6% of the samples had a potentially damaging CH variant and 16.2% had a potentially damaging HA variant. Of these samples with potentially damaging variants, the average number of genes per sample was 1 with a CH variant and 1.25 with a HA variant. Across all samples, 5.1 genes per disease had a CH variant, while 35.6 genes per disease had a HA variant; on average, only 4.3% of these variants affected common genes. Therefore, when seeking to identify potentially damaging variants of a putatively recessive disease, CH variants should be considered as potential contributors to disease development. If CH variants are excluded from analysis, important candidate genes may be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R. Piccolo
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome-Like RECQL4 Truncating Mutations Cause a Haploinsufficient Low-Bone-Mass Phenotype in Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0059020. [PMID: 33361189 PMCID: PMC8088275 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00590-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defects in the skeletal system, such as bone hypoplasia, short stature, low bone mass, and an increased incidence of osteosarcoma. RTS type 2 patients have germ line compound biallelic protein-truncating mutations of RECQL4. As existing murine models employ Recql4 null alleles, we have attempted to more accurately model RTS by generating mice with patient-mimicking truncating Recql4 mutations. Truncating mutations impaired the stability and subcellular localization of RECQL4 and resulted in homozygous embryonic lethality and a haploinsufficient low-bone mass phenotype. Combination of a truncating mutation with a conditional Recql4 null allele demonstrated that the skeletal defects were intrinsic to the osteoblast lineage. However, the truncating mutations did not promote tumorigenesis. We utilized murine Recql4 null cells to assess the impact of human RECQL4 mutations using an in vitro complementation assay. While some mutations created unstable protein products, others altered subcellular localization of the protein. Interestingly, the severity of the phenotypes correlated with the extent of protein truncation. Collectively, our results reveal that truncating RECQL4 mutations in mice lead to an osteoporosis-like phenotype through defects in early osteoblast progenitors and identify RECQL4 gene dosage as a novel regulator of bone mass.
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Slaught C, Berry EG, Bacik L, Skalet AH, Anadiotis G, Tuohy T, Leachman SA. Clinical challenges in interpreting multiple pathogenic mutations in single patients. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2021; 19:15. [PMID: 33541411 PMCID: PMC7863461 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-021-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the past two decades, genetic testing for cancer risk assessment has entered mainstream clinical practice due to the availability of low-cost panels of multiple cancer-associated genes. However, the clinical value of multiple-gene panels for cancer susceptibility is not well established, especially in cases where panel testing identifies more than one pathogenic variant. The risk for specific malignancies as a result of a mutated gene is complex and likely influenced by superimposed modifier variants and/or environmental effects. Recent data suggests that the combination of multiple pathogenic variants may be fewer than reported by chance, suggesting that some mutation combinations may be detrimental. Management of patients with “incidentally” discovered mutations can be particularly challenging, especially when established guidelines call for radical procedures (e.g. total gastrectomy in CDH1) in patients and families without a classic clinical history concerning for that cancer predisposition syndrome. Case presentation We present two cases, one of an individual and one of a family, with multiple pathogenic mutations detected by multi-gene panel testing to highlight challenges practitioners face in counseling patients about pathogenic variants and determining preventive and therapeutic interventions. Conclusions Ongoing investigation is needed to improve our understanding of inherited susceptibility to disease in general and cancer predisposition syndromes, as this information has the potential to lead to the development of more precise and patient-specific counseling and surveillance strategies. The real-world adoption of new or improved technologies into clinical practice frequently requires medical decision-making in the absence of established understanding of gene-gene interactions. In the meantime, practitioners must be prepared to apply a rationale based on currently available knowledge to clinical decision-making. Current practice is evolving to rely heavily on clinical concordance with personal and family history in making specific therapeutic decisions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13053-021-00172-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Slaught
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Berry
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Lindsay Bacik
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health, Hershey, USA
| | - Alison H Skalet
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - George Anadiotis
- Legacy Cancer Institute, Cancer Genetics Services, Legacy Health Systems, Portland, USA
| | - Therese Tuohy
- Legacy Cancer Institute, Cancer Genetics Services, Legacy Health Systems, Portland, USA
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
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12
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Kratz CP, Jongmans MC, Cavé H, Wimmer K, Behjati S, Guerrini-Rousseau L, Milde T, Pajtler KW, Golmard L, Gauthier-Villars M, Jewell R, Duncan C, Maher ER, Brugieres L, Pritchard-Jones K, Bourdeaut F. Predisposition to cancer in children and adolescents. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:142-154. [PMID: 33484663 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood malignancies are rarely related to known environmental exposures, and it has become increasingly evident that inherited genetic factors play a substantial causal role. Large-scale sequencing studies have shown that approximately 10% of children with cancer have an underlying cancer predisposition syndrome. The number of recognised cancer predisposition syndromes and cancer predisposition genes are constantly growing. Imaging and laboratory technologies are improving, and knowledge of the range of tumours and risk of malignancy associated with cancer predisposition syndromes is increasing over time. Consequently, surveillance measures need to be constantly adjusted to address these new findings. Management recommendations for individuals with pathogenic germline variants in cancer predisposition genes need to be established through international collaborative studies, addressing issues such as genetic counselling, cancer prevention, cancer surveillance, cancer therapy, psychological support, and social-ethical issues. This Review represents the work by a group of experts from the European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE) and aims to summarise the current knowledge and define future research needs in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Kratz
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjolijn C Jongmans
- Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Robert Debre University Hospital, Paris, France; Denis Diderot School of Medicine, University of Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Katharina Wimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lea Guerrini-Rousseau
- Department of Children and Adolescents Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Till Milde
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Paediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Germany; KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Paediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Germany; KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Golmard
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marion Gauthier-Villars
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Rosalyn Jewell
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laurence Brugieres
- Department of Children and Adolescents Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- SIREDO Paediatric Cancer Center, Institut Curie, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Laboratory of Translational Research in Paediatric Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France.
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13
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Capasso M, Montella A, Tirelli M, Maiorino T, Cantalupo S, Iolascon A. Genetic Predisposition to Solid Pediatric Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:590033. [PMID: 33194750 PMCID: PMC7656777 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.590033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progresses over the past years have extensively improved our capacity to use genome-scale analyses—including high-density genotyping and exome and genome sequencing—to identify the genetic basis of pediatric tumors. In particular, exome sequencing has contributed to the evidence that about 10% of children and adolescents with tumors have germline genetic variants associated with cancer predisposition. In this review, we provide an overview of genetic variations predisposing to solid pediatric tumors (medulloblastoma, ependymoma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma) and outline the biological processes affected by the involved mutated genes. A careful description of the genetic basis underlying a large number of syndromes associated with an increased risk of pediatric cancer is also reported. We place particular emphasis on the emerging view that interactions between germline and somatic alterations are a key determinant of cancer development. We propose future research directions, which focus on the biological function of pediatric risk alleles and on the potential links between the germline genome and somatic changes. Finally, the importance of developing new molecular diagnostic tests including all the identified risk germline mutations and of considering the genetic predisposition in screening tests and novel therapies is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Capasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Matilde Tirelli
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,European School of Molecular Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Maiorino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Sueva Cantalupo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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14
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Mangaonkar AA, Patnaik MM. Hereditary Predisposition to Hematopoietic Neoplasms: When Bloodline Matters for Blood Cancers. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:1482-1498. [PMID: 32571604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of precision genomics, hereditary predisposition to hematopoietic neoplasms- collectively known as hereditary predisposition syndromes (HPS)-are being increasingly recognized in clinical practice. Familial clustering was first observed in patients with leukemia, which led to the identification of several germline variants, such as RUNX1, CEBPA, GATA2, ANKRD26, DDX41, and ETV6, among others, now established as HPS, with tendency to develop myeloid neoplasms. However, evidence for hereditary predisposition is also apparent in lymphoid and plasma--cell neoplasms, with recent discoveries of germline variants in genes such as IKZF1, SH2B3, PAX5 (familial acute lymphoblastic leukemia), and KDM1A/LSD1 (familial multiple myeloma). Specific inherited bone marrow failure syndromes-such as GATA2 haploinsufficiency syndromes, short telomere syndromes, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, severe congenital neutropenia, and familial thrombocytopenias-also have an increased predisposition to develop myeloid neoplasms, whereas inherited immune deficiency syndromes, such as ataxia-telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Wiskott Aldrich syndrome, and Bruton agammaglobulinemia, are associated with an increased risk for lymphoid neoplasms. Timely recognition of HPS is critical to ensure safe choice of donors and/or conditioning-regimen intensity for allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and to enable direction of appropriate genomics-driven personalized therapies. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of HPS and serve as a useful reference for clinicians to recognize relevant signs and symptoms among patients to enable timely screening and referrals to pursue germline assessment. In addition, we also discuss our institutional approach toward identification of HPS and offer a stepwise diagnostic and management algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrinal M Patnaik
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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15
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Miller DB, Piccolo SR. Compound Heterozygous Variants in Pediatric Cancers: A Systematic Review. Front Genet 2020; 11:493. [PMID: 32508881 PMCID: PMC7249936 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A compound heterozygous (CH) variant is a type of germline variant that occurs when each parent donates one alternate allele and these alleles are located at different loci within the same gene. Pathogenic germline variants have been identified for some pediatric cancer types but in most studies, CH variants are overlooked. Thus, the prevalence of pathogenic CH variants in most pediatric cancer types is unknown. We identified 26 studies (published between 1999 and 2019) that identified a CH variant in at least one pediatric cancer patient. These studies encompass 21 cancer types and have collectively identified 25 different genes in which a CH variant occurred. However, the sequencing methods used and the number of patients and genes evaluated in each study were highly variable across the studies. In addition, methods for assessing pathogenicity of CH variants varied widely and were often not reported. In this review, we discuss technologies and methods for identifying CH variants, provide an overview of studies that have identified CH variants in pediatric cancer patients, provide insights into future directions in the field, and give a summary of publicly available pediatric cancer sequencing data. Although considerable insights have been gained over the last 20 years, much has yet to be learned about the involvement of CH variants in pediatric cancers. In future studies, larger sample sizes, more pediatric cancer types, and better pathogenicity assessment and filtering methods will be needed to move this field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin B Miller
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Stephen R Piccolo
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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16
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Aguiar TFM, Rivas MP, Costa S, Maschietto M, Rodrigues T, Sobral de Barros J, Barbosa AC, Valieris R, Fernandes GR, Bertola DR, Cypriano M, Caminada de Toledo SR, Major A, Tojal I, Apezzato MLDP, Carraro DM, Rosenberg C, Lima da Costa CM, Cunha IW, Sarabia SF, Terrada DL, Krepischi ACV. Insights Into the Somatic Mutation Burden of Hepatoblastomas From Brazilian Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:556. [PMID: 32432034 PMCID: PMC7214543 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is a very rare embryonal liver cancer supposed to arise from the impairment of hepatocyte differentiation during embryogenesis. In this study, we investigated by exome sequencing the burden of somatic mutations in a cohort of 10 hepatoblastomas, including a congenital case. Our data disclosed a low mutational background and pointed out to a novel set of candidate genes for hepatoblastoma biology, which were shown to impact gene expression levels. Only three recurrently mutated genes were detected: CTNNB1 and two novel candidates, CX3CL1 and CEP164. A relevant finding was the identification of a recurrent mutation (A235G) in two hepatoblastomas at the CX3CL1 gene; evaluation of RNA and protein expression revealed upregulation of CX3CL1 in tumors. The analysis was replicated in two independents cohorts, substantiating that an activation of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway occurs in hepatoblastomas. In inflammatory regions of hepatoblastomas, CX3CL1/CX3CR1 were not detected in the infiltrated lymphocytes, in which they should be expressed in normal conditions, whereas necrotic regions exhibited negative labeling in tumor cells, but strongly positive infiltrated lymphocytes. Altogether, these data suggested that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 upregulation may be a common feature of hepatoblastomas, potentially related to chemotherapy response and progression. In addition, three mutational signatures were identified in hepatoblastomas, two of them with predominance of either the COSMIC signatures 1 and 6, found in all cancer types, or the COSMIC signature 29, mostly related to tobacco chewing habit; a third novel mutational signature presented an unspecific pattern with an increase of C>A mutations. Overall, we present here novel candidate genes for hepatoblastoma, with evidence that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 chemokine signaling pathway is likely involved with progression, besides reporting specific mutational signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Ferreira Marques Aguiar
- International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Prates Rivas
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Rodrigues
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sobral de Barros
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline Barbosa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Valieris
- International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Fernandes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora R Bertola
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Cypriano
- Adolescent and Child With Cancer Support Group (GRAACC), Department of Pediatric, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Caminada de Toledo
- Adolescent and Child With Cancer Support Group (GRAACC), Department of Pediatric, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Israel Tojal
- International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela W Cunha
- Department of Pathology, Rede D'OR-São Luiz, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephen Frederick Sarabia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dolores-López Terrada
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Lu L, Jin W, Wang LL. RECQ DNA Helicases and Osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1258:37-54. [PMID: 32767233 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43085-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The RECQ family of DNA helicases is a conserved group of enzymes that plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability. Humans possess five RECQ helicase genes, and mutations in three of them - BLM, WRN, and RECQL4 - are associated with the genetic disorders Bloom syndrome, Werner syndrome, and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), respectively. These syndromes share overlapping clinical features, and importantly they are all associated with an increased risk of cancer. Patients with RTS have the highest specific risk of developing osteosarcoma compared to all other cancer predisposition syndromes; therefore, RTS serves as a relevant model to study the pathogenesis and molecular genetics of osteosarcoma. The "tumor suppressor" function of the RECQ helicases continues to be an area of active investigation. This chapter will focus primarily on the known cellular functions of RECQL4 and how these may relate to tumorigenesis, as well as ongoing efforts to understand RECQL4's functions in vivo using animal models. Understanding the RECQ pathways will provide insight into avenues for novel cancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Weidong Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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