Introduction of aequorin into zebrafish embryos for recording Ca(2+) signaling during the first 48 h of development

The maternal coordinate system: Molecular-genetics of embryonic axis formation and patterning in the zebrafish

Axis specification of the zebrafish embryo begins during oogenesis and relies on proper formation of well-defined cytoplasmic domains within the oocyte. Upon fertilization, maternally-regulated cytoplasmic flow and repositioning of dorsal determinants establish the coordinate system that will build the structure and developmental body plan of the embryo. Failure of specific genes that regulate the embryonic coordinate system leads to catastrophic loss of body structures. Here, we review the genetic principles of axis formation and discuss how maternal factors orchestrate axis patterning during zebrafish early embryogenesis. We focus on the molecular identity and functional contribution of genes controlling critical aspects of oogenesis, egg activation, blastula, and gastrula stages. We examine how polarized cytoplasmic domains form in the oocyte, which set off downstream events such as animal-vegetal polarity and germ line development. After gametes interact and form the zygote, cytoplasmic segregation drives the animal-directed reorganization of maternal determinants through calcium- and cell cycle-dependent signals. We also summarize how maternal genes control dorsoventral, anterior-posterior, mesendodermal, and left-right cell fate specification and how signaling pathways pattern these axes and tissues during early development to instruct the three-dimensional body plan. Advances in reverse genetics and phenotyping approaches in the zebrafish model are revealing positional patterning signatures at the single-cell level, thus enhancing our understanding of genotype-phenotype interactions in axis formation. Our emphasis is on the genetic interrogation of novel and specific maternal regulatory mechanisms of axis specification in the zebrafish.

Ca2+ dynamics in zebrafish morphogenesis

Intracellular calcium ion (Ca²⁺) signaling is heavily involved in development, as illustrated by the use of a number of Ca²⁺ indicators. However, continuous Ca²⁺ patterns during morphogenesis have not yet been studied using fluorescence resonance energy transfer to track the Ca²⁺ sensor. In the present study, we monitored Ca²⁺ levels during zebrafish morphogenesis and differentiation with yellow cameleon, YC2.12. Our results show not only clear changes in Ca²⁺ levels but also continuous Ca²⁺ patterns at 24 hpf and later periods for the first time. Serial Ca²⁺dynamics during early pharyngula period (Prim-5-20; 24–33 hpf) was successfully observed with cameleon, which have not reported anywhere yet. In fact, high Ca²⁺ level occurred concurrently with hindbrain development in segmentation and pharyngula periods. Ca²⁺ patterns in the late gastrula through segmentation periods which were obtained with cameleon, were similar to those obtained previously with other Ca²⁺sensor. Our results suggested that the use of various Ca²⁺ sensors may lead to novel findings in studies of Ca²⁺ dynamics. We hope that these results will prove valuable for further research in Ca²⁺ signaling.