1
|
Tumour invasion and dissemination. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1245-1257. [PMID: 35713387 PMCID: PMC9246329 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activating invasion and metastasis are one of the primary hallmarks of cancer, the latter representing the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Whilst many advances in this area have been made in recent years, the process of cancer dissemination and the underlying mechanisms governing invasion are still poorly understood. Cancer cells exhibit multiple invasion strategies, including switching between modes of invasion and plasticity in response to therapies, surgical interventions and environmental stimuli. The ability of cancer cells to switch migratory modes and their inherent plasticity highlights the critical challenge preventing the successful design of cancer and anti-metastatic therapies. This mini-review presents current knowledge on the critical models of tumour invasion and dissemination. We also discuss the current issues surrounding current treatments and arising therapeutic opportunities. We propose that the establishment of novel approaches to study the key biological mechanisms underlying the metastatic cascade is critical in finding novel targets that could ultimately lead to complete inhibition of cancer cell invasion and dissemination.
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu M, Weng Q, Ji J. Applications and advances of CRISPR/Cas9 in animal cancer model. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 19:235-241. [PMID: 32124927 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent developments of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/-associate protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) have got scientific interests due to the straightforward, efficient and versatile talents of it. Furthermore, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has democratized access to gene editing in many biological fields, including cancer. Cancer development is a multistep process caused by innate and acquired mutations and leads to the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. It is obvious that establishing appropriate animal cancer models which can simulate human cancers is crucial for cancer research currently. Since the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9, considerable efforts have been taken by researchers to apply this technology in generating animal cancer models. Although there is still a long way to go we are happy to see the achievements we have made and the promising future we have.
Collapse
|
3
|
Boix-Montesinos P, Soriano-Teruel PM, Armiñán A, Orzáez M, Vicent MJ. The past, present, and future of breast cancer models for nanomedicine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:306-330. [PMID: 33798642 PMCID: PMC8191594 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Even given recent advances in nanomedicine development of breast cancer treatment in recent years and promising results in pre-clinical models, cancer nanomedicines often fail at the clinical trial stage. Limitations of conventional in vitro models include the lack of representation of the stromal population, the absence of a three-dimensional (3D) structure, and a poor representation of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Herein, we review those cell culture strategies that aim to overcome these limitations, including cell co-cultures, advanced 3D cell cultures, patient-derived cells, bioprinting, and microfluidics systems. The in vivo evaluation of nanomedicines must consider critical parameters that include the enhanced permeability and retention effect, the host's immune status, and the site of tumor implantation. Here, we critically discuss the advantages and limitations of current in vivo models and report how the improved selection and application of breast cancer models can improve the clinical translation of nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paz Boix-Montesinos
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paula M Soriano-Teruel
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Armiñán
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Vicent
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li YL, Chen CH, Chen JY, Lai YS, Wang SC, Jiang SS, Hung WC. Single-cell analysis reveals immune modulation and metabolic switch in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1830513. [PMID: 33117603 PMCID: PMC7575008 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1830513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph-node metastasis is a prognosis factor for poor clinical outcome of breast cancer patients. Currently, how breast cancer cells establish pre-metastatic niche in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) is still unclear. To address this question, we isolated heterogeneous cells including immune and stromal cells from naive lymph nodes (LNs) of the FVB/NJ mice and TDLNs of the MMTV-PyMT mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the transcriptome of the cells and various bioinformatics analyses were used to identify the altered pathways. Our results revealed several significant changes between naïve LNs and TDLNs. First, according to immunologic signature and pathway analysis, CD4+ and CD8 + T cells showed upregulated angiogenesis pathway genes and higher regulatory T (Treg)-associated genes while they demonstrated downregulation of interferon response and inflammatory response gene signatures, concurrently suggesting an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the TDLNs. Second, profiling of B cells showed down-regulation of marginal zone B lymphocytes in the TDLNs, which was validated by flow cytometric analysis. Third, we found the enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation pathway in the fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) of the MMTV-PyMT mice and the elevation of related genes including Prdx3, Ndufa4 and Uqcrb, suggesting massive ATP consumption and TCA cycle metabolism in the FRCs. Collectively, our results reveal the reprogramming of TDLNs during breast cancer progression at single-cell level in a spontaneous breast cancer model and suggest the changes in immune modulation and metabolic switch are key alterations in the preparation of pre-metastatic niche by breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Liang Li
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Syuan Lai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and the Graduate Program of Cancer Biology and Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang W, Meyfeldt J, Wang H, Kulkarni S, Lu J, Mandel JA, Marburger B, Liu Y, Gorka JE, Ranganathan S, Prochownik EV. β-Catenin mutations as determinants of hepatoblastoma phenotypes in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17524-17542. [PMID: 31597698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver cancer. Although long-term survival of HB is generally favorable, it depends on clinical stage, tumor histology, and a variety of biochemical and molecular features. HB appears almost exclusively before the age of 3 years, is represented by seven histological subtypes, and is usually associated with highly heterogeneous somatic mutations in the catenin β1 (CTNNB1) gene, which encodes β-catenin, a Wnt ligand-responsive transcriptional co-factor. Numerous recurring β-catenin mutations, not previously documented in HB, have also been identified in various other pediatric and adult cancer types. Little is known about the underlying factors that determine the above HB features and behaviors or whether non-HB-associated β-catenin mutations are tumorigenic when expressed in hepatocytes. Here, we investigated the oncogenic properties of 14 different HB- and non-HB-associated β-catenin mutants encoded by Sleeping Beauty vectors following their delivery into the mouse liver by hydrodynamic tail-vein injection. We show that all β-catenin mutations, as well as WT β-catenin, are tumorigenic when co-expressed with a mutant form of yes-associated protein (YAP). However, tumor growth rates, histologies, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic partitioning, and metabolic and transcriptional landscapes were strongly influenced by the identities of the β-catenin mutations. These findings provide a context for understanding at the molecular level the notable biological diversity of HB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jennifer Meyfeldt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Huabo Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Sucheta Kulkarni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Jie Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Jordan A Mandel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Brady Marburger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Ying Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Joanna E Gorka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,Department of Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 .,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Biagioni A, Laurenzana A, Margheri F, Chillà A, Fibbi G, so M. Delivery systems of CRISPR/Cas9-based cancer gene therapy. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 30574185 PMCID: PMC6299643 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is today one of the most reliable method for gene-editing, supporting previous gene therapies technologies such as TALEN, Meganucleases and ZFNs. There is a growing up number of manuscripts reporting several successful gene-edited cancer cell lines, but the real challenge is to translate this technique to the clinical practice. While treatments for diseases based on a single gene mutation is closer, being possible to target and repair the mutant allele in a selective way generating specific guide RNAs (gRNAs), many steps need to be done to apply CRISPR to face cancer. In this review, we want to give a general overview to the recent advancements in the delivery systems of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Biagioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anastasia Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario so
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gómez-Cuadrado L, Tracey N, Ma R, Qian B, Brunton VG. Mouse models of metastasis: progress and prospects. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1061-1074. [PMID: 28883015 PMCID: PMC5611969 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant sites within the body to establish secondary tumors. Although this is an inefficient process, the consequences are devastating as metastatic disease accounts for >90% of cancer-related deaths. The formation of metastases is the result of a series of events that allow cancer cells to escape from the primary site, survive in the lymphatic system or blood vessels, extravasate and grow at distant sites. The metastatic capacity of a tumor is determined by genetic and epigenetic changes within the cancer cells as well as contributions from cells in the tumor microenvironment. Mouse models have proven to be an important tool for unraveling the complex interactions involved in the metastatic cascade and delineating its many stages. Here, we critically appraise the strengths and weaknesses of the current mouse models and highlight the recent advances that have been made using these models in our understanding of metastasis. We also discuss the use of these models for testing potential therapies and the challenges associated with the translation of these findings into the provision of new and effective treatments for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Natasha Tracey
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Ruoyu Ma
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Binzhi Qian
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holen I, Speirs V, Morrissey B, Blyth K. In vivo models in breast cancer research: progress, challenges and future directions. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:359-371. [PMID: 28381598 PMCID: PMC5399571 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using animal model systems has been instrumental in delivering improved therapies for breast cancer, as well as in generating new insights into the mechanisms that underpin development of the disease. A large number of different models are now available, reflecting different types and stages of the disease; choosing which one to use depends on the specific research question(s) to be investigated. Based on presentations and discussions from leading experts who attended a recent workshop focused on in vivo models of breast cancer, this article provides a perspective on the many varied uses of these models in breast cancer research, their strengths, associated challenges and future directions. Among the questions discussed were: how well do models represent the different stages of human disease; how can we model the involvement of the human immune system and microenvironment in breast cancer; what are the appropriate models of metastatic disease; can we use models to carry out preclinical drug trials and identify pathways responsible for drug resistance; and what are the limitations of patient-derived xenograft models? We briefly outline the areas where the existing breast cancer models require improvement in light of the increased understanding of the disease process, reflecting the drive towards more personalised therapies and identification of mechanisms of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Bethny Morrissey
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|