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Qi X, Bruneval F, Maliyov I. Ab Initio Prediction of a Negative Barkas Coefficient for Slow Protons and Antiprotons in LiF. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:043401. [PMID: 35148149 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.043401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the ab initio prediction of a negative Barkas coefficient in lithium fluoride (LiF) insulator at low velocity (v<0.25 a.u., E_{kin}∼2 keV). The electronic stopping power of protons in LiF has been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically because of a controversial threshold effect. While our time-dependent density-functional theory simulations confirm the presence of a velocity threshold below which the proton stopping power vanishes, our calculations demonstrate that the antiprotons do not experience such a threshold. The combination of those two contrasting behaviors gives rise to an unprecedented negative Barkas effect: the stopping power of antiprotons is larger than that of protons. We identify that the slow antiproton at close encounter destabilizes a p orbital of the F^{-} anion pointing toward the antiproton. This particular orbital becomes highly polarizable and hence contributes much to the stopping power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Qi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien Bruneval
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ivan Maliyov
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Usta M, Aydın G. Use of Gaussian-type functions for flux-based dose calculations in carbon ion therapy. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:511-522. [PMID: 32561981 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In radiation therapy, it is very important to ensure that the radiation dose is correctly delivered to the patient. This is achieved by obtaining quantitative dose measurements for beam calibration in the treatment planning system. Dose calculations should be performed with the required accuracy to a degree of uncertainty of less than 1%. The measurement of the absorbed dose in and around body tissues irradiated with carbon ions requires careful use of materials selected from established phantom and radiation detectors. The main advantage of such materials is that when information on the energy and nature of charged particles at the desired point is incomplete or inaccurate, they can allow determination of the absorbed dose. In general, radiation interactions in a tissue representation caused by carbon ions can be characterized by calculating the linear stopping power. Carbon ions have a limited penetration depth within human tissues that depends on the energy and stopping power of these ions as they penetrate into the body. The purpose of the present study was to calculate the stopping power, range and dose to intestinal and prostate tissues of carbon ions. The stopping power values of these tissues were specified by the effective charge approach method. The 5ZaPa-NR-CV, pcemd-4 and pcSseg-4 sets of Gaussian-type functions were employed for the calculation of electronic charge density. Range calculations were made by means of the Gaussian quadrature method, making use of the continuous slowing down approximation. Flux-based dose calculations were also carried out in accordance with the Bragg-Gray theorem using the Geant4 and FLUKA simulation toolkits. The results were compared with each other and with the SRIM and CasP datasets. Then, depth-dose distributions and range values were verified by positron emission activity using the GATE toolkit. Among the different types of Gaussian functions used here, the best semi-analytical result was found for the 5ZaPa-NR-CV set. The results obtained in the present study can be used for dose verification and dose reconstruction in charged particle radiotherapy and for radiation research on the interaction of radiation with matter. The results calculated here will be useful for quantifying uncertainties associated with stopping power, range, and reconstruction of dose in charged particle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Usta
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Güral Aydın
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034, Hatay, Turkey
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Yost DC, Yao Y, Kanai Y. First-Principles Modeling of Electronic Stopping in Complex Matter under Ion Irradiation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:229-237. [PMID: 31829604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic stopping refers to the dynamical energy-transfer process to electrons in matter from highly energetic charged particles such as high-velocity protons. We discuss recent progress in theoretical studies of electronic stopping in condensed matter under ion irradiation, focusing on modern electronic structure theory's role in enabling the study of electronic excitation dynamics that result from the energy transfer. In the last few decades, first-principles simulation approaches based on real-time time-dependent density functional theory have greatly advanced the field. While linear response theory is widely used to study electronic stopping processes, especially for simple solids, novel first-principles dynamics approaches now allow us to study chemically complex systems and also yield detailed descriptions of electronic excitations at the molecular scale. Outstanding challenges for further advancement of electronic stopping modeling are also discussed from the viewpoint of electronic structure theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C Yost
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514-3290 , United States
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514-3290 , United States
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514-3290 , United States
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4
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Energy loss of charged particles in collision with atoms and surfaces. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Trassinelli M, Anagnostopoulos D, Borchert G, Dax A, Egger JP, Gotta D, Hennebach M, Indelicato P, Liu YW, Manil B, Nelms N, Simons L, Wells A. Measurement of the charged pion mass using a low-density target of light atoms. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Molecular Scale Simulation of Ionizing Particles Tracks for Radiobiology and Hadrontherapy Studies. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396455-7.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Adamson P, Andreopoulos C, Auty DJ, Ayres DS, Backhouse C, Barr G, Barrett WL, Bhattarai P, Bishai M, Blake A, Bock GJ, Boehnlein DJ, Bogert D, Budd S, Cavanaugh S, Cherdack D, Childress S, Choudhary BC, Coelho JAB, Coleman SJ, Corwin L, Cronin-Hennessy D, Damiani D, Danko IZ, de Jong JK, Devenish NE, Diwan MV, Dorman M, Escobar CO, Evans JJ, Falk E, Feldman GJ, Fields TH, Frohne MV, Gallagher HR, Gomes RA, Goodman MC, Gouffon P, Graf N, Gran R, Grant N, Grzelak K, Habig A, Harris D, Harris PG, Hartnell J, Hatcher R, Himmel A, Holin A, Huang X, Hylen J, Ilic J, Irwin GM, Isvan Z, Jaffe DE, James C, Jensen D, Kafka T, Kasahara SMS, Koizumi G, Kopp S, Kordosky M, Krahn Z, Kreymer A, Lang K, Lefeuvre G, Ling J, Litchfield PJ, Loiacono L, Lucas P, Mann WA, Marshak ML, Mayer N, McGowan AM, Mehdiyev R, Meier JR, Messier MD, Michael DG, Miller WH, Mishra SR, Mitchell J, Moore CD, Morfín J, Mualem L, Mufson S, Musser J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Newman HB, Nichol RJ, Nowak JA, Oliver WP, Orchanian M, Paley J, Patterson RB, Pawloski G, Pearce GF, Pittam R, Plunkett RK, Qiu X, Ratchford J, Raufer TM, Rebel B, Reichenbacher J, Rodrigues PA, Rosenfeld C, Rubin HA, Ryabov VA, Sanchez MC, Saoulidou N, Schneps J, Schreiner P, Shanahan P, Sousa A, Strait M, Tagg N, Talaga RL, Thomas J, Thomson MA, Tinti G, Toner R, Tzanakos G, Urheim J, Vahle P, Viren B, Weber A, Webb RC, White C, Whitehead L, Wojcicki SG, Wright DM, Yang T, Zwaska R. Measurement of the underground atmospheric muon charge ratio using the MINOS Near Detector. Int J Clin Exp Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.83.032011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brown LS, Singleton RL. Temperature equilibration in a fully ionized plasma: Electron-ion mass ratio effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:066407. [PMID: 19658612 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.066407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brown, Preston, and Singleton (BPS) produced an analytic calculation for energy exchange processes for a weakly to moderately coupled plasma: the electron-ion temperature equilibration rate and the charged particle stopping power. These precise calculations are accurate to leading and next-to-leading order in the plasma coupling parameter and to all orders for two-body quantum scattering within the plasma. Classical molecular dynamics can provide another approach that can be rigorously implemented. It is therefore useful to compare the predictions from these two methods, particularly since the former is theoretically based and the latter numerically. An agreement would provide both confidence in our theoretical machinery and in the reliability of the computer simulations. The comparisons can be made cleanly in the purely classical regime, thereby avoiding the arbitrariness associated with constructing effective potentials to mock up quantum effects. We present here the classical limit of the general result for the temperature equilibration rate presented in BPS. In particular, we examine the validity of the m(electron)/m(ion)-->0 limit used in BPS to obtain a very simple analytic evaluation of the long-distance collective effects in the background plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell S Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Tőkési K, Ding Z.J, Zhang Z. Energy losses of swift protons to hydrogen atoms. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2006.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Ma Y, Geng J, Gao S, Bao S. Dose point kernel for boron-11 decay and the cellular S values in boron neutron capture therapy. Med Phys 2006; 33:4739-43. [PMID: 17278826 DOI: 10.1118/1.2358849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the radiobiology of boron neutron capture therapy is based on the cellular level dosimetry of boron-10's thermal neutron capture reaction 10B(n,alpha)7Li, in which one 1.47 MeV helium-4 ion and one 0.84 MeV lithium-7 ion are spawned. Because of the chemical preference of boron-10 carrier molecules, the dose is heterogeneously distributed in cells. In the present work, the (scaled) dose point kernel of boron-11 decay, called 11B-DPK, was calculated by GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation code. The DPK curve drops suddenly at the radius of 4.26 microm, the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) range of a lithium-7 ion. Then, after a slight ascending, the curve decreases to near zero when the radius goes beyond 8.20 microm, which is the CSDA range of a 1.47 MeV helium-4 ion. With the DPK data, S values for nuclei and cells with the boron-10 on the cell surface are calculated for different combinations of cell and nucleus sizes. The S value for a cell radius of 10 microm and a nucleus radius of 5 microm is slightly larger than the value published by Tung et al. [Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 739-743 (2004)]. This result is potentially more accurate than the published value since it includes the contribution of a lithium-7 ion as well as the alpha particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Ma
- Research Center for Tumor Diagnosis and Radiotherapy Physics and Laboratory of Medical Physics and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Cabrera-Trujillo R, Cruz S, Soullard J. From the Orbital Implementation of the Kinetic Theory to the Polarization Propagator Method in the Study of Energy Deposition Problems. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(05)48018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Møller SP, Csete A, Ichioka T, Knudsen H, Uggerhøj UI, Andersen HH. Stopping power in insulators and metals without charge exchange. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:042502. [PMID: 15323754 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.042502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The slowing-down process of pointlike charged particles in matter has been investigated by measuring the stopping power for antiprotons in materials of qualitatively very different nature. Whereas the velocity-proportional stopping power observed for metal-like targets such as aluminum over a wide energy range of 1-50 keV is in agreement with expectations, it is surprising that the same velocity dependence is seen for a large band-gap insulator such as LiF. The validity of these observations is supported by several measurements with protons and several checks of the target properties. The observations call for both a qualitative explanation and a quantitative theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Møller
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Porter L. The Barkas-Effect Correction to Bethe–Bloch Stopping Power. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(04)46004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Pitarke J, Gurtubay I, Nazarov V. Nonlinear, Band-Structure, and Surface Effects in the Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(04)45011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Møller SP, Csete A, Ichioka T, Knudsen H, Uggerhøj UI, Andersen HH. Antiproton stopping at low energies: confirmation of velocity-proportional stopping power. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:193201. [PMID: 12005631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.193201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The stopping power for antiprotons in various solid targets has been measured in the low-energy range of 1-100 keV. In agreement with most models, in particular free-electron gas models, the stopping power is found to be proportional to the projectile velocity below the stopping-power maximum. Although a stopping power proportional to velocity has also been observed for protons, the interpretation of such measurements is difficult due to the presence of charge exchange processes. Hence, the present measurements constitute the first unambiguous support for a velocity-proportional stopping power due to target excitations by a pointlike projectile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Møller
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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16
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Ladányi K. Generalized Thomas-Fermi-Weizsäcker approach to screening and slowing down of swift charged particles in jellium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:3118-3130. [PMID: 9913831 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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17
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Pitarke JM, Ritchie RH, Echenique PM. Quadratic response theory of the energy loss of charged particles in an electron gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:13883-13902. [PMID: 9980604 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Wojciechowski P, Baumann P, Daniel H, Hartmann FJ, Herrmann C, M�hlbauer M, Schott W, Fuchs A, Hauser P, Lou K, Petitjean C, Taqqu D, Kottmann F. Measurement of the stopping power for ?? and ?+ at energies between 3 keV and 100 keV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01027952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Straton JC, McGuire JH, Chen Z. Technique for the evaluation of double excitation of atoms by fast charged particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:5514-5524. [PMID: 9908802 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.5514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Mikkelsen HH, Flyvbjerg H. Exact stopping cross section of the quantum harmonic oscillator for a penetrating point charge of arbitrary strength. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:3025-3031. [PMID: 9907337 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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McGuire JH, Straton JC. Double excitation of helium by fast particles of charge Z. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 43:5184-5187. [PMID: 9905650 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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23
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Density Functional Theory of Stopping Power. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8026-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Mikkelsen HH, Flyvbjerg H. Barkas effect in a central collision: Exact numerical results and the tenth-order Born series. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:3962-3970. [PMID: 9904495 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Schiwietz G. Coupled-channel calculation of stopping powers for intermediate-energy light ions penetrating atomic H and He targets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:296-306. [PMID: 9903806 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gabrielse G, Fei X, Orozco LA, Rolston SL, Tjoelker RL, Trainor TA, Haas J, Kalinowsky H, Kells W. Barkas effect with use of antiprotons and protons. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 40:481-484. [PMID: 9901920 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Mikkelsen HH, Sigmund P. Barkas effect in electronic stopping power: Rigorous evaluation for the harmonic oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 40:101-116. [PMID: 9901874 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Andersen LH, Hvelplund P, Knudsen H, Möller SP, Pedersen JO, Uggerhöj E, Elsener K, Morenzoni E. Measurement of the Z13 contribution to the stopping power using MeV protons and antiprotons: The Barkas effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 62:1731-1734. [PMID: 10039753 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Low-velocity projectile-z3 effect on composite target - mean excitation energies derived from stopping power measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(74)90375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barkas WH, Barrett PH, Cüer P, Heckman H, Smith FM, Ticho HK. The Range-energy relation in emulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02747737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Decay characteristics and masses of positive K Mesons produced by the Bevatron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1956. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02746171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Barkas WH, Barrett PH, Cüer P, Heckman HH, Smith FM, Ticho HK. High-Velocity Particle Ranges in Emulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1956. [DOI: 10.1103/physrev.102.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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