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Fleury V, Rosso M, Chazalviel JN. Recent Progress in Electrochemical Deposition without Supporting Electrolyte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-367-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical deposition (ECD) of metals is a very old subject[l], which has considerable applications in the context of electroshaping or electroplating. Electrochemists and chemical engineers have long known the different growth conditions of these metal aggregates and the different parameters which drive morphological changes, at least empirically [2-4]. However, in the recent years, after the introduction of the concept of fractal aggregation[5,6], in the field of non-linear pattern formation[7,8], a lot of work has been devoted to the specific problem of growth of electrodeposits from binary electrolytes [9-51] (i.e. without supporting electrolyte). These studies aimed at understanding the morphology, on the large scale (∼1cm) of the deposits and, more specifically, the transitions between morphologies. It is the aim of this paper to review the progress which has been achieved in the past five years on this question.
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Nishikawa K, Chassaing E, Rosso M. In situ concentration measurements around the transition between two dendritic growth regimes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Marshall G, Mocskos P, Olivella M. A Growth Model For Ramified Electrochemical Deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-407-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWe introduce a macroscopic model for the description of growth pattern formation in ramified electrochemical deposition. The theoretical model is formulated as a 2D time-dependent problem consisting in the Nernst-Planck equations for the concentration of the solute (cations and anions), coupled to a Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential and the Navier-Stokes equations for the solvent, with a moving boundary. A dimensional analysis is performed and a new set of dimensionless numbers governing the flow regime is derived. A 2D discrete version of these equations in a DBM scheme with a random moving boundary constitutes the computational model. We present numerical results which show that our growth model, with a proper variation of the set of dimensionless numbers, gives a reasonable picture of the interplay of the electroconvective, migration and diffusive motion of the ions near the growing tips.
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Wlasenko A, Soltani F, Zakopcan D, Sinton D, Steeves GM. Diffusion-limited and advection-driven electrodeposition in a microfluidic channel. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:021601. [PMID: 20365568 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.021601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Self-terminating electrochemical fabrication was used within a microfluidic channel to create a junction between two Au electrodes separated by a gap of 75 microm . During the electrochemical process of etching from the anode to deposition at the cathode, flow could be applied in the anode-to-cathode direction. Without applied flow, dendritic growth and dense branching morphologies were typically observed at the cathode. The addition of applied flow resulted in a densely packed gold structure that filled the channel. A computer simulation was developed to explore regimes where the diffusion, flow, and electric field between the electrodes individually dominated growth. The model provided good qualitative agreement relating flow to the experimental results. The model was also used to contrast the effects of open and closed boundaries and electric field strength, as factors related to tapering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wlasenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
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González G, Rosso M, Chassaing E. Transition between two dendritic growth mechanisms in electrodeposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:011601. [PMID: 18763962 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.011601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report in this paper the observation of a transition between two different dendritic growth mechanisms in the electrodeposition of a metal from a binary electrolyte. Our results, in particular concerning the dendritic growth velocities, enable us to explain this behavior in terms of models previously proposed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela González
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, F91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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6
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Tu YF, Wei RB, Sang JP, Huang SY, Zou XW. Alternating morphology transitions in crystallization of NH4Cl on agar plates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:041601. [PMID: 18517629 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.041601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two types of alternating morphology transitions have been observed in crystallization of NH4Cl on agar plates. One is the alternating morphology transitions between dense branching morphology and sparse branching morphology, and the other is the alternating morphology transitions between dense branching morphology and zigzag branching morphology. The appearance of them is found to depend on the mass proportion of agar to NH4Cl in the initial solution and the relative humidity. It is suggested that both the two alternating morphology transitions result from the oscillation of solute concentration in front of the growing interface caused by the competition of crystal growth and solute transfer at a moderate mass proportion. Which one of them occurs depends on the relative humidity, which controls the supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Tu
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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7
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González G, Soba A, Marshall G, Molina F, Rosso M. Dense branched morphology in electrochemical deposition in a thin cell vertically oriented. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Numerical simulation of transient natural convection induced by electrochemical reactions confined between vertical plane Cu electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Devos O, Gabrielli C, Beitone L, Mace C, Ostermann E, Perrot H. Growth of electrolytic copper dendrites. III: Influence of the presence of copper sulphate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Marshall G, Molina F, Soba A. Ion transport in thin cell electrodeposition: modelling three-ion electrolytes in dense branched morphology under constant voltage and current conditions. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Eba H, Sakurai K. Pattern transition in Cu–Zn binary electrochemical deposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schröter M, Kassner K, Rehberg I, Claret J, Sagués F. Influence of ohmic heating on the flow field in thin-layer electrodeposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:026307. [PMID: 12241285 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.026307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In thin-layer electrodeposition the dissipated electrical energy leads to a substantial heating of the ion solution. We measured the resulting temperature field by means of an infrared camera. The properties of the temperature field correspond closely with the development of the concentration field. In particular, we find that the thermal gradients at the electrodes act similar to a weak additional driving force to the convection rolls driven by concentration gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schröter
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Postfach 4120, D-39016 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Gonzalez G, Marshall G, Molina F, Dengra S. Transition from gravito- to electroconvective regimes in thin-layer electrodeposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 65:051607. [PMID: 12059570 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The transition from gravitoconvective to electroconvective prevailing regimes in thin-layer electrochemical deposition is analyzed through variations of electrolyte viscosity at constant cell thickness. The distribution of velocity directions at the deposit front is a measure of the relative weight of electroconvection versus gravitoconvection, and a signature of that transition. The experiments are carried out under galvanostatic conditions in convection prevailing regimes. Particle image velocimetry reveals that at low viscosities, buoyancy driven convection dominates; as viscosity increases, electrically driven convection becomes more important, eventually prevailing. The transition is observed at 1.5 times the viscosity of water. The theoretical model presented reveals that an increase of the Poisson and Reynolds numbers and a decrease of the Peclet and electric Grashof numbers, when viscosity increases, makes the electroconvective motion relatively more important. The model predicts a transition at approximately two times the viscosity of water. We may conclude that, in a physicochemical hydrodynamic flow involving ions, under galvanostatic conditions, increasing viscosity damps gravitoconvection and enhances electroconvection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gonzalez
- INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Zhang KQ, Wang M, Zhong S, Chen GX, Ming NB. Pattern selection induced by electroconvection in the electrodeposition of iron. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:5512-5519. [PMID: 11031604 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/1999] [Revised: 10/25/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of iron electrodeposit is shown to relate closely to the pH of the electrolyte solution. Macroscopically, depending on the strength of the interbranch convection, which is associated with the concentration of H3O+ in the electrolyte, the deposit morphology varies from treelike pattern to meshlike pattern and dense-branching morphology. Microscopically the deposit is ramified and dense-branching at lower concentration of H3O+, while it becomes relatively smooth and stringy at higher H3O+ concentration. The symmetry of the convective vortices on the two sides of the growing tip is observed to decide the growth behavior of the tip. We suggest that H3O+ influences the pattern formation and pattern selection in the electrodeposition of iron from FeSO4 solution by either initiating interbranch convection or changing the effective interfacial energy of the deposit and the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- KQ Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, China
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17
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Bradley J, Dengra S, Gonzalez G, Marshall G, Molina F. Ion transport and deposit growth in spatially coupled bipolar electrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Schilardi P, Marchiano S, Salvarezza R, Hernandez Creus A, Arvia A. Kinetics and growth modes of quasi-2d silver branched electrodeposits produced in the presence of a supporting electrolyte. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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López-Salvans MQ, Sagués F, Claret J, Bassas J. Fingering instability in thin-layer electrodeposition: general trends and morphological transitions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Pastor JM, Rubio MA. Rough growth and morphological instability of compact electrodeposits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:1848-1851. [PMID: 10060536 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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21
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Zik O, Moses E. Electrodeposition: The role of concentration in the phase diagram and the Hecker transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:1760-1764. [PMID: 9964437 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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22
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Kuhn A, Argoul F. Diffusion-limited kinetics in thin-gap electroless deposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bazant MZ. Regulation of ramified electrochemical growth by a diffusive wave. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:1903-1914. [PMID: 9963611 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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24
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de Bruyn JR. Fingering instability of gravity currents in thin-layer electrochemical deposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:4843-4846. [PMID: 10058613 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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25
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Huth JM, Swinney HL, McCormick WD, Kuhn A, Argoul F. Role of convection in thin-layer electrodeposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:3444-3458. [PMID: 9963025 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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26
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Kuhn A, Argoul F. Revisited experimental analysis of morphological changes in thin-layer electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)03234-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Trigueros PP, Sagués F, Claret J. Influence of an inert electrolyte on the morphology of quasi-two-dimensional electrodeposits. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:4328-4335. [PMID: 9961726 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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28
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Kuhn A, Argoul F. Spatiotemporal morphological transitions in thin-layer electrodeposition: The Hecker effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:4298-4305. [PMID: 9961723 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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29
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experimental evidence for gravity induced motion in the vicinity of ramified electrodeposits. Electrochim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(94)80094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Luo GP, Ai ZM, Hawkes JJ, Lu ZH, Wei Y. Fractal electrodeposits of silver and copper films induced by an organized monolayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:15337-15341. [PMID: 10008073 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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31
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Argoul F, Kuhn A. Experimental demonstration of the origin of interfacial rhythmicity in electrodeposition of zinc dendrites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Wang M, Ming N, Bennema P. Pattern formation in noise-reduced electrochemical deposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:3825-3830. [PMID: 9961039 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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33
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Fleury V, Chazalviel J, Rosso M. Coupling of drift, diffusion, and electroconvection, in the vicinity of growing electrodeposits. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:1279-1295. [PMID: 9960713 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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34
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Wang M, Ming N. Alternating morphology transitions in electrochemical deposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:113-116. [PMID: 10054386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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35
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Deng Y, Pritzker M. Experimental evidence for local dissolution during galvanostatic copper electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Nagatani T. Multiparticle simulation for morphological transitions in diffusion-limited aggregation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:2022-2028. [PMID: 9908337 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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37
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Fleury V, Rosso M, Chazalviel J, Sapoval B. Experimental aspects of dense morphology in copper electrodeposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 44:6693-6705. [PMID: 9905798 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.6693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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