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Ciston J, Brown HG, D'Alfonso AJ, Koirala P, Ophus C, Lin Y, Suzuki Y, Inada H, Zhu Y, Allen LJ, Marks LD. Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7358. [PMID: 26082275 PMCID: PMC4557350 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique determination of the atomic structure of technologically relevant surfaces is often limited by both a need for homogeneous crystals and ambiguity of registration between the surface and bulk. Atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging is extremely sensitive to this registration and is compatible with faceted nanomaterials, but has not been previously utilized for surface structure determination. Here we report a detailed experimental atomic-resolution secondary-electron microscopy analysis of the c(6 × 2) reconstruction on strontium titanate (001) coupled with careful simulation of secondary-electron images, density functional theory calculations and surface monolayer-sensitive aberration-corrected plan-view high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Our work reveals several unexpected findings, including an amended registry of the surface on the bulk and strontium atoms with unusual seven-fold coordination within a typically high surface coverage of square pyramidal TiO5 units. Dielectric screening is found to play a critical role in attenuating secondary-electron generation processes from valence orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H. G. Brown
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A. J. D'Alfonso
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P. Koirala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - C. Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Y. Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Y. Suzuki
- Application Development Department, Hitachi High Technologies Corp., Ibaraki 312-8504, Japan
| | - H. Inada
- Advanced Microscope Design Department, Hitachi High Technologies Corp., Ibaraki 312-8504, Japan
| | - Y. Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - L. J. Allen
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - L. D. Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Galand M, Moore L, Charnay B, Mueller-Wodarg I, Mendillo M. Solar primary and secondary ionization at Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galand
- Department of Physics; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Luke Moore
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | | | | | - Michael Mendillo
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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Ozimba PA, Msezane AZ. Regge pole representation of the limiting behavior of optically forbidden transitions in atoms and molecules. Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(99)00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang YD, Callaway J, Unnikrishnan K. Differential cross sections and angular-correlation parameters for the excitation of hydrogen atoms to n=3 and n=2 states by electron impact between 16 and 100 eV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:1854-1865. [PMID: 9910436 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Fon WC, Ratnavelu K, Aggarwal KM. 15-state R-matrix investigation of resonances in the inelastic scattering of electrons from atomic hydrogen at energies up to 13.06 eV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:1786-1796. [PMID: 9910430 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bray I. Convergent close-coupling method for the calculation of electron scattering on hydrogenlike targets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:1066-1082. [PMID: 9910336 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bray I. Convergent close-coupling calculation of electron-sodium scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:R1-R4. [PMID: 9910278 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Callaway J, Unnikrishnan K. Electron-impact excitation of the n=3 and n=2 states of a hydrogen atom at intermediate (14-100-eV) energies. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 48:4292-4298. [PMID: 9910131 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bray I, Fursa DV, McCarthy IE. Calculation of electron-potassium scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 47:3951-3960. [PMID: 9909402 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.47.3951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bray I, Fursa DV, McCarthy IE. Calculation of electron-lithium scattering using the coupled-channel optical method. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 47:1101-1110. [PMID: 9909033 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.47.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bray I, McCarthy IE. Spin-dependent observables in electron-sodium scattering calculated using the coupled-channel optical method. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 47:317-326. [PMID: 9908925 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.47.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bray I, Stelbovics AT. Convergent close-coupling calculations of electron-hydrogen scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:6995-7011. [PMID: 9908034 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.6995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bray I. Calculation of spin-dependent observables in electron-sodium scattering using the coupled-channel optical method. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:1908-1910. [PMID: 10046347 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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