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Data Needs for Modeling Low-Temperature Non-Equilibrium Plasmas: The LXCat Project, History, Perspectives and a Tutorial. ATOMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies based on non-equilibrium, low-temperature plasmas are ubiquitous in today’s society. Plasma modeling plays an essential role in their understanding, development and optimization. An accurate description of electron and ion collisions with neutrals and their transport is required to correctly describe plasma properties as a function of external parameters. LXCat is an open-access, web-based platform for storing, exchanging and manipulating data needed for modeling the electron and ion components of non-equilibrium, low-temperature plasmas. The data types supported by LXCat are electron- and ion-scattering cross-sections with neutrals (total and differential), interaction potentials, oscillator strengths, and electron- and ion-swarm/transport parameters. Online tools allow users to identify and compare the data through plotting routines, and use the data to generate swarm parameters and reaction rates with the integrated electron Boltzmann solver. In this review, the historical evolution of the project and some perspectives on its future are discussed together with a tutorial review for using data from LXCat.
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Schmalzried A, Luque A. Influence of Elastic Scattering on Electron Swarm Distribution in Electrified Gases. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:e2019JD031564. [PMID: 32728499 PMCID: PMC7380314 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The propagation of energetic electrons through air is one key component in the generation of high-energy atmospheric phenomena such as lightning-generated X-ray bursts, terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs), and gamma ray glows. We show here that models for this propagation can be considerably affected by the parameterization of the differential cross section of elastic scattering of electrons on the molecular components of air. We assess existing parameterizations and propose a more accurate one that builds upon the most up-to-date measurements. Then we conclude that by overweighting the forward scattering probability, previous works may have overestimated the production of runaway electrons under high electric fields close to the thermal runaway threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Schmalzried
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA)CSICGranadaSpain
| | - A. Luque
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA)CSICGranadaSpain
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Lozano AI, Oller JC, Krupa K, Ferreira da Silva F, Limão-Vieira P, Blanco F, Muñoz A, Colmenares R, García G. Magnetically confined electron beam system for high resolution electron transmission-beam experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:063105. [PMID: 29960528 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel experimental setup has been implemented to provide accurate electron scattering cross sections from molecules at low and intermediate impact energies (1-300 eV) by measuring the attenuation of a magnetically confined linear electron beam from a molecular target. High-resolution electron energy is achieved through confinement in a magnetic gas trap where electrons are cooled by successive collisions with N2. Additionally, we developed and present a method to correct systematic errors arising from energy and angular resolution limitations. The accuracy of the entire measurement procedure is validated by comparing the N2 total scattering cross section in the considered energy range with benchmark values available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Lozano
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Oller
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Krupa
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - F Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Colmenares
- Servicio de Radiofísica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Jones DB, da Costa RF, Kossoski F, Varella MTDN, Bettega MHF, García G, Blanco F, White RD, Lima MAP, Brunger MJ. Integral elastic, vibrational-excitation, electronic-state excitation, ionization, and total cross sections for electron scattering from para-benzoquinone. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:204305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5028298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Jones
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - R. F. da Costa
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075-901 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - F. Kossoski
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. T. do N. Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1731, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. H. F. Bettega
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19044, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - G. García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - R. D. White
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - M. A. P. Lima
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. J. Brunger
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Vojnović M, Popović M, Ristić M, Vićić M, Poparić G. Rate coefficients for electron impact excitation of N2. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Heritier KL, Jaffe RL, Laporta V, Panesi M. Energy transfer models in nitrogen plasmas: analysis of N₂(X¹Σg⁺)-N(⁴S(u))-e⁻ interaction. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:184302. [PMID: 25399142 DOI: 10.1063/1.4900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relaxation of N₂(X¹Σg⁺) molecules in a background gas composed of N((4)S(u)) atoms and free electrons is studied by using an ideal isochoric and isothermic chemical reactor. A rovibrational state-to-state model is developed to study energy transfer process induced by free electron and atomic collisions. The required cross sections and the corresponding rate coefficients are taken from two well-known kinetic databases: NASA Ames kinetic mechanism for the description of the N₂(X¹Σg⁺)-N((4)S(u)) processes and the Phys4Entry database for the electron driven processes, N₂(X¹Σg⁺)-e(-). The evolution of the population densities of each individual rovibrational level is explicitly determined via the numerical solution of the master equation for temperatures ranging from 10000 to 30,000 K. It was found that the distribution of the rovibrational energy levels of N₂(X¹Σg⁺) is strongly influenced by the electron driven collisional processes, which promote the excitation of the low lying vibrational levels. The macroscopic vibrational energy relaxation is governed by the molecule-atom collisions, when free electrons, initially cold are relaxing to the final heat-bath temperature. Thus, the main role of the free electrons is to ensure the equilibration of vibrational and free electron excitation, thus validating the existence of the local equilibrium T(V)-T(e). However, if electrons and heavy particles are assumed to be in equilibrium at the heat bath temperature, electron driven processes dominate the vibrational relaxation. Finally, we have assessed the validity of the Landau-Teller model for the description of the inelastic energy transfer between molecules and free electrons. In the case of free-electron temperatures lower than 10,000 K, Landau-Teller relaxation model gives an accurate description of the vibrational relaxation, while at higher temperatures the error in the predictions can be significant and the model should not be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Heritier
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - R L Jaffe
- Aerothermodynamics Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 230-3, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - V Laporta
- Istituto di Metodologie Inorganiche e dei Plasmi, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Panesi
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Fan Z, Fan Q, Nie Y, Sun W, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Feng H. Analytical potential energy functions for the ground and some excited states of N 2. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.904052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Čurík R, Paidarová I, Allan M, Čársky P. Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study on Vibrational Excitation Cross Sections for Electron Collisions with Diacetylene. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9734-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5073186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Čurík
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Paidarová
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Allan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Petr Čársky
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Vinodkumar M, Limbachiya C, Barot M. Total cross-section calculations for electrons colliding with molecular nitrogen over an extensive energy range from meV to keV. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.692824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Kato H, Suga A, Hoshino M, Blanco F, García G, Limão-Vieira P, Brunger MJ, Tanaka H. Elastic cross sections for electron scattering from GeF4: Predominance of atomic-F in the high-energy collision dynamics. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3699040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Golubkov GV, Golubkov MG, Manzhelii MI. Microwave radiation in the upper atmosphere of the earth during strong geomagnetic disturbances. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793112010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Dai W, Sun W, Feng H, Tang Y. Studies on differential cross-sections of e–N2scattering. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701689706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Liu X, Heays AN, Shemansky DE, Lewis BR, Feldman PD. Analysis of terrestrial thermospheric N2c′41Σu+(0) ∼b′1Σu+(1) −X1Σg+dayglow emission observed by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Vibrational excitation functions for inelastic and superelastic electron scattering from the ground-electronic state in hot CO2. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Poparić GB, Ristić M, Belić DS. Resonant Vibrational Excitation and De-Excitation of N 2( v) by Low-Energy Electrons. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3816-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710667n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Poparić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 368, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 137, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M. Ristić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 368, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 137, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D. S. Belić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 368, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 137, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Telega S, Gianturco FA. Electron–molecule scattering in gases at very low energies: a comparison of theory and experiment for the nitrogen target. Mol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970601012793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Elastic scattering of low-energy electrons by N2 including the effect of target electronic correlation. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Field D, Jones NC, Lunt SL, Ziesel JP, Gulley RJ. Low energy electron scattering in CF2Cl2 and CF3Cl. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1387475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Abstract
Collisions between electrons and molecules at thermal energy play a key role in the chemistry and physics of plasmas, ranging from those in space to the chemically active plasmas used for thin film and microcircuit fabrication. However, until recently, data for electron-molecule interactions below a few hundred millielectronvolts impact energy (a few thousand kelvin) were very sparse. Our experiments, using a high-resolution synchrotron photoionization source of electrons, have opened up this low-energy field. We present recent results which reveal some of the striking quantum scattering events which take place as long-wavelength, low-energy electrons encounter molecules, choosing H(2), N(2), benzene, halobenzenes, methanol, ozone, and chlorine dioxide as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Field
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Solovyev AA, Terekhin VA, Tikhonchuk VT, Altgilbers LL. Electron kinetic effects in atmosphere breakdown by an intense electromagnetic pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:7360-8. [PMID: 11970682 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.7360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A physical model is proposed for description of electron kinetics driven by a powerful electromagnetic pulse in the Earth's atmosphere. The model is based on a numerical solution to the Boltzmann kinetic equation for two groups of electrons. Slow electrons (with energies below a few keV) are described in a two-term approximation assuming a weak anisotropy of the electron distribution function. Fast electrons (with energies above a few keV) are described by a modified macroparticle method, taking into account the electron acceleration in the electric field, energy losses in the continuous deceleration approximation, and the multiple pitch angle scattering. The model is applied to a problem of the electric discharge in a nitrogen, which is preionized by an external gamma-ray source. It is shown that the runaway electrons have an important effect on the energy distribution of free electrons, and on the avalanche ionization rate. This mechanism might explain the observation of multiple lightning discharges observed in the Ivy-Mike thermonuclear test in the early 1950's.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Solovyev
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, Sarov 607190, Russia
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Gutsev GL, Rozyczko PB, Bartlett RJ, Weatherford CA. Does N2− exist? A coupled-cluster study. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Nesbet RK. Nonadiabatic phase-matrix method for vibrational excitation and dissociative attachment in electron-molecule scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:2899-2905. [PMID: 9913805 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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26
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Pal S, Sabane SC. Correlated static‐exchange interaction for electron–molecule scattering: Case study for LiH and H 2. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Isaacs WA, Morrison MA. Analytic Born completion in the calculation of electron-molecule differential cross sections. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:4215-4221. [PMID: 9913390 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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