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Abstract
This review summarizes progress in coherent control as well as relevant recent achievements, highlighting, among several different schemes of coherent control, wave-packet interferometry (WPI). WPI is a fundamental and versatile scenario used to control a variety of quantum systems with a sequence of short laser pulses whose relative phase is finely adjusted to control the interference of electronic or nuclear wave packets (WPs). It is also useful in retrieving quantum information such as the amplitudes and phases of eigenfunctions superposed to generate a WP. Experimental and theoretical efforts to retrieve both the amplitude and phase information are recounted. This review also discusses information processing based on the eigenfunctions of atoms and molecules as one of the modern and future applications of coherent control. The ultrafast coherent control of ultracold atoms and molecules and the coherent control of complex systems are briefly discussed as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohmori
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences; The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI); and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Enomoto K, Kitagawa M, Tojo S, Takahashi Y. Hyperfine-structure-induced purely long-range molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:123001. [PMID: 18517858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally observed and theoretically identified a novel class of purely long-range molecules. This novel purely long-range state is formed due to a very weak hyperfine interaction that is usually treated only as a small perturbation in molecular spectra. Photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold ytterbium (171Yb) atoms with the 1S0-3P1 intercombination transition presents clear identification of molecular states and the shallowest molecular potential depth of about 750 MHz among the purely long-range molecules ever observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunari Enomoto
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Wang D, Qi J, Stone MF, Nikolayeva O, Wang H, Hattaway B, Gensemer SD, Gould PL, Eyler EE, Stwalley WC. Photoassociative production and trapping of ultracold KRb molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:243005. [PMID: 15697805 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.243005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have produced ultracold heteronuclear KRb molecules by the process of photoassociation in a two-species magneto-optical trap. Following decay of the photoassociated KRb*, the molecules are detected using two-photon ionization and time-of-flight mass spectroscopy of KRb+. A portion of the metastable triplet molecules thus formed are magnetically trapped. Photoassociative spectra down to 91 cm(-1) below the K(4s)+Rb(5p(1/2)) asymptote have been obtained. We have made assignments to all eight of the attractive Hund's case (c) KRb* potential curves in this spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Pichler M, Chen H, Stwalley WC. Photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold Cs below the 6P(3/2) limit. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:6779-84. [PMID: 15473735 DOI: 10.1063/1.1788657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High precision photoassociation spectroscopy is performed in ultracold cesium gas, with detunings as large as 51 cm(-1) below the Cs(6S(1/2))+Cs(6P(3/2)) asymptote. Trap-loss fluorescence detection is used for detecting the photoassociation to excited state ultracold molecules. Long vibrational progressions are assigned to electronic states of 0(g) (-), 0(u) (+), and 1(g) symmetry. The spectral data are fitted to a LeRoy-Bernstein equation, in order to obtain the effective coefficients of the leading long-range interaction term (C(3)/R(3)) and the relative vibrational quantum numbers measured down from dissociation. Additionally we present evidence for perturbations between the 0(g) (-) state and the dark 2(u) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Pichler
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Pichler M, Chen H, Stwalley WC. Photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold Cs below the 6P1/2 limit. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:1796-801. [PMID: 15260730 DOI: 10.1063/1.1767071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed high precision photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold cesium gas. Using trap-loss fluorescence detection and controlling the background cesium pressure we were able to photoassociate atoms into excited states of ultracold molecules with large detunings up to 56 cm(-1) below the Cs(6S(1/2)) + Cs(6P(1/2)) atomic asymptote. Vibrational progressions are assigned to 0(g)(-), 0(u)(+), and 1(g) long-range states. By fitting the spectral data to the LeRoy-Bernstein expression, the effective coefficients of the leading long-range interactions and the vibrational quantum number at dissociation are obtained. In addition we have observed spectral perturbations between states of the same symmetry belonging to different asymptotes (6P(1/2) and 6P(3/2)). The perturbations are manifested through irregular vibrational level spacings and are especially pronounced in the 0(u)(+) symmetry. Many observed rotational levels indicate d- and higher partial wave contributions to the photoassociation cross section in the presence of trapping laser light, while spectral regions with only weak features suggest nodes in the lower state wave functions corresponding to the two ground state atoms asymptote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Pichler
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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EDVARDSSON DAVID, LUNELL STEN, MARIAN CHRISTELM. Calculation of potential energy curves for Rb2including relativistic effects. Mol Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/0026897031000121307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pichler M, Chen HM, Wang H, Stwalley WC, Ross AJ, Martin F, Aubert-Frécon M, Russier-Antoine I. Photoassociation of ultracold K atoms: Observation of high lying levels of the 1g∼1 1Πg molecular state of K2. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1563609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Nikolov AN, Ensher JR, Eyler EE, Wang H, Stwalley WC, Gould PL. Efficient production of ground-state potassium molecules at sub-mK temperatures by two-step photoassociation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:246-249. [PMID: 11015882 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a two-step " R-transfer" method that efficiently produces translationally ultracold potassium molecules in the X (1)Sigma(+)(g) electronic ground state. Laser-cooled atoms are initially photoassociated at large internuclear separation R to form molecules in high vibrational levels of the 1 (1)Pi(g) state, which are in turn excited by an additional laser to shorter-range Rydberg states such as 5 (1)Pi(u) and 6 (1)Pi(u). Subsequent radiative decay produces ground-state molecules at rates up to 10(5) molecules/second per vibrational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- AN Nikolov
- University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, U-3046, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Stwalley WC, Wang H. Photoassociation of Ultracold Atoms: A New Spectroscopic Technique. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1999; 195:194-228. [PMID: 10329265 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1999.7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The new spectroscopic technique of photoassociation of ultracold atoms is reviewed, with an emphasis on connecting this area to traditional bound-state molecular spectroscopy. In particular, in contrast to photoassociative spectra at thermal energies, which are broad and of low information content, photoassociative spectra of ultracold atoms are high resolution, permitting observation of small vibrational and rotational spacings of long-range molecular levels near dissociation (typically with outer classical turning points >20 Å). The types of detection and theoretical analysis employed are illustrated, primarily using the example of 39K2. Future directions and applications of this field (e.g., to ultracold molecular formation) are also discussed. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- WC Stwalley
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 2152 Hillside Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3046
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Comparat D, Drag C, Fioretti A, Dulieu O, Pillet P. Photoassociative Spectroscopy and Formation of Cold Molecules in Cold Cesium Vapor: Trap-Loss Spectrum versus Ion Spectrum. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1999; 195:229-235. [PMID: 10329266 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1999.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental spectra of all the optically accessible long-range attractive molecular states of the Cs2 dimer below the 6s2S1/2 + 6p2P3/2 dissociation limit by molecular photoassociation of cold Cs atoms. The spectra are obtained by the usual trap-loss method as well as by pulsed-laser photoionization of Cs2 molecules into Cs+2 ions. The two spectra present markedly different features. While the 1g, 0(+)u, and 0(-)g vibrational progressions are present in the trap-loss spectrum, the Cs+2 ion spectrum presents only the 0(-)g and 1u vibrational progressions. Those states (0(-)g and 1u) lead to the formation of the translationally cold Cs2 ground state molecules at temperatures in the 100 µK range, to our knowledge the lowest molecular temperature reported up until now. The C3 asymptotic coefficients for the 0(+)u and 1g states are determined through a fit of the experimental energy levels. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Comparat
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton,1, CNRS II, Bât. 505, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay Cedex, 91405, France
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Aubert-Frécon M, Rousseau S, Hadinger G, Magnier S. An Analytical Formula for the Energy of the Bound Long-Range 0(-)g((1)3Pig) State of Cs2. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1998; 192:239-242. [PMID: 9770411 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1998.7690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Aubert-Frécon
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR No 5579), CNRS et Université Lyon I, Bât. 205, Villeurbanne Cedex, F-69622, France
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Dulieu O, Kosloff R, Masnou-Seeuws F, Pichler G. Quasibound states in long-range alkali dimers: Grid method calculations. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wang H, Gould PL, Stwalley WC. Long-range interaction of the 39K(4s)+39K(4p) asymptote by photoassociative spectroscopy. I. The 0g− pure long-range state and the long-range potential constants. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rerat M, Bussery B, Frecon M. Dipole Polarizabilities of Li, C, and O and Long-Range Coefficients for Various Molecular States of Li2, CO, and O2. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1997; 182:260-270. [PMID: 9398541 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1996.7231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic polarizabilities with imaginary frequencies are calculated for Li(2s 2S), Li(3s 2S), Li(2p 2P), C(2p2 3P), and O(2p4 3P) atoms with a time-dependent gauge-invariant method. Coulombic long-range interactions are deduced for various states of Li2, CO, and O2 and compared to previous calculated and experimental results. Copyright 1997Academic Press
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rerat
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 5624, Universite de Pau, Pau, F-64000, France
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Zhao G, Zemke WT, Kim JT, Ji B, Wang H, Bahns JT, Stwalley WC, Li L, Lyyra AM, Amiot C. New measurements of the a3 Σ+u state of K2 and improved analysis of long‐range dispersion and exchange interactions between two K atoms. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Jones KM, Maleki S, Bize S, Lett PD, Williams CJ, Richling H, Knöckel H, Tiemann E, Wang H, Gould PL, Stwalley WC. Direct measurement of the ground-state dissociation energy of Na2. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1996; 54:R1006-R1009. [PMID: 9913658 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.r1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bahns JT, Stwalley WC, Gould PL. Laser cooling of molecules: A sequential scheme for rotation, translation, and vibration. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Williams CJ, Tiesinga E, Julienne PS. Hyperfine structure of the Na2 0g- long-range molecular state. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:R1939-R1942. [PMID: 9913219 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.r1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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