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Nowotarski MS, Potnuru LR, Straub JS, Chaklashiya R, Shimasaki T, Pahari B, Coffaro H, Jain S, Han S. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Multiple-Quantum Spin Counting of Molecular Assemblies in Vitrified Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7084-7094. [PMID: 38953521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Crystallization pathways are essential to various industrial, geological, and biological processes. In nonclassical nucleation theory, prenucleation clusters (PNCs) form, aggregate, and crystallize to produce higher order assemblies. Microscopy and X-ray techniques have limited utility for PNC analysis due to the small size (0.5-3 nm) and time stability constraints. We present a new approach for analyzing PNC formation based on 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin counting of vitrified molecular assemblies. The use of glassing agents ensures that vitrification generates amorphous aqueous samples and offers conditions for performing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-amplified NMR spectroscopy. We demonstrate that molecular adenosine triphosphate along with crystalline, amorphous, and clustered calcium phosphate materials formed via a nonclassical growth pathway can be differentiated from one another by the number of dipolar coupled 31P spins. We also present an innovative approach for examining spin counting data, demonstrating that a knowledge-based fitting of integer multiples of cosine wave functions, instead of the traditional Fourier transform, provides a more physically meaningful retrieval of the existing frequencies. This is the first report of multiquantum spin counting of assemblies formed in solution as captured under vitrified DNP conditions, which can be useful for future analysis of PNCs and other aqueous molecular clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesopotamia S Nowotarski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lokeswara Rao Potnuru
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joshua S Straub
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raj Chaklashiya
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Toshihiko Shimasaki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bholanath Pahari
- School of Physical and Applied Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa 403206, India
| | - Hunter Coffaro
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sheetal Jain
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Grain boundary resistance to amorphization of nanocrystalline silicon carbide. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16602. [PMID: 26558694 PMCID: PMC4642319 DOI: 10.1038/srep16602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the C displacement condition, we have used molecular dynamics simulation to examine the effects of grain boundaries (GBs) on the amorphization of nanocrystalline silicon carbide (nc-SiC) by point defect accumulation. The results show that the interstitials are preferentially absorbed and accumulated at GBs that provide the sinks for defect annihilation at low doses, but also driving force to initiate amorphization in the nc-SiC at higher doses. The majority of surviving defects are C interstitials, as either C-Si or C-C dumbbells. The concentration of defect clusters increases with increasing dose, and their distributions are mainly observed along the GBs. Especially these small clusters can subsequently coalesce and form amorphous domains at the GBs during the accumulation of carbon defects. A comparison between displacement amorphized nc-SiC and melt-quenched single crystal SiC shows the similar topological features. At a dose of 0.55 displacements per atom (dpa), the pair correlation function lacks long range order, demonstrating that the nc-SiC is fully amorphilized.
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Biswas P, Elliott SR. Nanoscale structure of microvoids in a-Si:H: a first-principles study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:435201. [PMID: 26448500 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/43/435201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have studied the shape, size, and number density of atomic microvoids in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). By jointly employing experimental infrared data and ab initio simulations, we propose a simple and effective hydrogenation scheme, which is capable of producing large atomistic models of a-Si:H for studying microvoids. Our results suggest that hydrogen atoms in the networks are distributed in sparse (or isolated) and clustered environments. For a-Si:H models with 9-14 at.% hydrogen, we find approximately 3-4 at.% of total hydrogen atoms are distributed in the isolated phase. The density of the clustered phase is found to be between 6-12 at.%, which appears to depend on the amount of hydrogen in the network. The calculation of radii of gyration of atomic microvoids shows that the diameter of the microvoids is distributed from 6 Å to 12 Å. A few hydrogen molecules have also been observed to form inside the microvoids in our study, the concentration of which is about 1 at.% relative to silicon atoms. A comparison of our results with those from small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), infrared (IR) absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and calorimetric studies are presented.
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Mogami Y, Noda Y, Ishikawa H, Takegoshi K. A statistical approach for analyzing the development of 1H multiple-quantum coherence in solids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:7403-10. [PMID: 23580152 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp43778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel statistical approach for analyzing (1)H multiple-quantum (MQ) spin dynamics in so-called spin-counting solid-state NMR experiments is presented. The statistical approach is based on the percolation theory with Monte Carlo methods and is examined by applying it to the experimental results of three solid samples having unique hydrogen arrangement for 1-3 dimensions: the n-alkane/d-urea inclusion complex as a one-dimensional (1D) system, whose (1)H nuclei align approximately in 1D, and magnesium hydroxide and adamantane as a two-dimensional (2D) and a three-dimensional (3D) system, respectively. Four lattice models, linear, honeycomb, square and cubic, are used to represent the (1)H arrangement of the three samples. It is shown that the MQ dynamics in adamantane is consistent with that calculated using the cubic lattice and that in Mg(OH)2 with that calculated using the honeycomb and the square lattices. For n-C20H42/d-urea, these 4 lattice models fail to express its result. It is shown that a more realistic model representing the (1)H arrangement of n-C20H42/d-urea can describe the result. The present approach can thus be used to determine (1)H arrangement in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Mogami
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Dyalsingh HM, Khera GM, Kakalios J. Thermopower and 1/f Noise Measurements in Amorphous Silicon-Carbon Alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-377-577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThermopower, conductivity and 1/f noise measurements have been performed on a series of n-type doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbon films that are prepared with varying gas phase concentrations of CH4. The increased disorder at the mobility edge associated with alloying is characterized by the Q-function, which is obtained by combining thermopower and conductivity measurements, and is also reflected in the noise power spectra and noise statistics.
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Eckert H. Structural Concepts for Disordered Inorganic Solids. Modern NMR Approaches and Strategies. Invited Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19900941006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Robertson J. The electronic and atomic structure of hydrogenated amorphous Si—C alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819208207664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Robertson
- a National Power Laboratories, Leatherhead , Surrey, KT22 7SE , England
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Hicks SE, Fitzgerald AG, Baker SH, Dines TJ. The structural, chemical and compositional nature of amorphous silicon carbide films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819008226986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Hicks
- a Carnegie Laboratory of Physics, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 4HN , Scotland
| | - A. G. Fitzgerald
- a Carnegie Laboratory of Physics, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 4HN , Scotland
| | - S. H. Baker
- a Carnegie Laboratory of Physics, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 4HN , Scotland
| | - T. J. Dines
- b Chemistry Department , University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 4HN , Scotland
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Demichelis F, Crovini G, Pirri CF, Tresso E. Infrared vibrational spectra of hydrogenated amorphous and microcrystalline silicon-carbon alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819308215290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Demichelis
- a Dip. Fisica-Politecnico of Torino C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , 10129 , Torino , Italy
| | - G. Crovini
- a Dip. Fisica-Politecnico of Torino C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , 10129 , Torino , Italy
| | - C. F. Pirri
- a Dip. Fisica-Politecnico of Torino C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , 10129 , Torino , Italy
| | - E. Tresso
- a Dip. Fisica-Politecnico of Torino C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , 10129 , Torino , Italy
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Lavcević ML, Dubcek P, Orel ZC, Turković A. GISAXS view of vanadium/cerium oxide thin films and influence of lithium intercalation. J Chem Inf Model 2005; 45:1553-7. [PMID: 16309253 DOI: 10.1021/ci050152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An examination of structural modifications, induced by mixing vanadium and cerium oxides and by the introduction of lithium in vanadium and mixed vanadium/cerium oxide films, was performed using synchrotron sourced grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. Samples were sol-gel-derived films, deposited by a dip-coating technique. An analysis of the scattering data, acquired by a two-dimensional detection system, is based on the comparison of the surface and bulk characteristics of the film. The trend of estimated structural modifications is supported by the results of previous investigations on a different length scale, performed by atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lucić Lavcević
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Split, Teslina 10, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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Tycko R. Selection rules for multiple quantum NMR excitation in solids: derivation from time-reversal symmetry and comparison with simulations and (13)C NMR experiments. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1999; 139:302-307. [PMID: 10423367 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
New derivations of selection rules for excitation and detection of multiple quantum coherences in coupled spin-1/2 systems are presented. The selection rules apply to experiments in which the effective coupling Hamiltonian used for multiple quantum excitation is both time-reversal invariant and time-reversible by a phase shift of the radiofrequency pulse sequence that generates the effective couplings. The selection rules are shown to be consequences of time-reversal invariance and time-reversibility and otherwise independent of the specific form of the effective coupling Hamiltonian. Numerical simulations of multiple quantum NMR signal amplitudes and experimental multiple quantum excitation spectra are presented for the case of a multiply (13)C-labeled helical polypeptide. The simulations and experiments confirm the selection rules and demonstrate their impact on multiple quantum (13)C NMR spectra in this biochemically relevant case.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tycko
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, USA.
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Antzutkin ON, Tycko R. High-order multiple quantum excitation in 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of organic solids. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Cho G, Yesinowski JP. H and 19F Multiple-Quantum NMR Dynamics in Quasi-One-Dimensional Spin Clusters in Apatites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9614815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyunggoo Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823-1322, and Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6120, Washington, DC 20375-5342
| | - James P. Yesinowski
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823-1322, and Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6120, Washington, DC 20375-5342
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Acco S, Williamson DL, Stolk PA, Saris FW, Sinke WC, Roorda S, Zalm PC. Hydrogen solubility and network stability in amorphous silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:4415-4427. [PMID: 9983995 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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16
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Tessler LR, Solomon I. Photoluminescence of tetrahedrally coordinated a-Si1-xCx:H. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:10962-10971. [PMID: 9980194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.10962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Demichelis F, Giorgis F, Pirri CF, Tresso E. Compositional and structural properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon films prepared by ultra-high-vacuum plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition with different carbon sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619508239944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Guay D, Chaker M, Feng XH. Composition and thermal-annealing-induced short-range ordering changes in amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide films as investigated by extended x-ray-absorption fine structure and infrared absorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:4903-4914. [PMID: 9979361 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Meneghini C, Boscherini F, Evangelisti F, Mobilio S. Structure of a-Si1-xCx:H alloys by wide-angle x-ray scattering: Detailed determination of first- and second-shell environment for Si and C atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:11535-11545. [PMID: 9975284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.11535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Finocchi F, Galli G. Ab initio study of hydrogenation effects in amorphous silicon carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:7393-7397. [PMID: 9974718 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.7393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jäger C, Gottwald J, Spiess HW, Newport RJ. Structural properties of amorphous hydrogenated carbon. III. NMR investigations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:846-852. [PMID: 9975751 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Real-Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Studies of the Nucleation, Growth, and Optical Functions of Thin Films, Part I: Tetrahedrally Bonded Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-533019-0.50007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Determination of proton densities on silica gel catalyst supports by n-quantum coherence in NMR. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80266-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lu HY, Petrich MA, Fan C, Hoffman BM. Continuous-wave and pulsed electron-nuclear double-resonance study of paramagnetic defects in amorphous hydrogenated silicon-carbon alloy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:1997-2000. [PMID: 10008583 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Finocchi F, Galli G, Parrinello M, Bertoni CM. Microscopic struture of amorphous covalent alloys probed by ab initio molecular dynamics: SiC. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:3044-3047. [PMID: 10045593 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Pascarelli S, Boscherini F, Mobilio S, Evangelisti F. Structure of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloys as investigated by extended x-ray-absorption fine structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:1650-1654. [PMID: 10001664 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Shinar J, Shinar R, Wu X, Mitra S, Girvan FR. Hydrogen dynamics in a-Si:H: Multiple trapping, structural relaxation, and the Meyer-Neldel relation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:1631-1636. [PMID: 9997414 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Mahan A, Williamson D, Nelson B, Crandall R. Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of microvoids in a-SiC:H and a-Si:H. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(89)90056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kaloyeros AE, Rizk RB, Woodhouse JB. Extended x-ray-absorption and electron-energy-loss fine-structure studies of the local atomic structure of amorphous unhydrogenated and hydrogenated silicon carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 38:13099-13106. [PMID: 9946284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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