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Tchaplyguine M, Mikkelä MH, Mårsell E, Polley C, Mikkelsen A, Zhang W, Yartsev A, Hetherington CJD, Wallenberg LR, Björneholm O. Metal-passivated PbS nanoparticles: fabrication and characterization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:7252-7261. [PMID: 28239693 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06870g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic-shell-free PbS nanoparticles have been produced in the size range relevant for quantum-dot solar cells (QDSCs) by a vapor aggregation method involving magnetron reactive sputtering. This method creates a beam of free 5-10 nm particles in a vacuum. The dimensions of the particles were estimated after their deposition on a substrate by imaging them using ex situ SEM and HRTEM electron microscopy. The particle structure and chemical composition could be deduced "on the fly", prior to deposition, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with tunable synchrotron radiation. Our XPS results suggest that under certain conditions it is possible to fabricate particles with a semiconductor core and 1 to 2 monolayer shells of metallic lead. For this case the absolute energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in PbS has been determined to be (5.0 ± 0.5) eV below the vacuum level. For such particles deposited on a substrate HRTEM has confirmed the XPS-based conclusions on the crystalline PbS structure of the semiconductor core. Absorption spectroscopy on the deposited film has given a value of ∼1 eV for the lowest exciton. Together with the valence XPS results this has allowed us to reconstruct the energy level scheme of the particles. The results obtained are discussed in the context of the properties of PbS QDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tchaplyguine
- MAX-lab, Lund University, P.O. Box SE-118, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - M-H Mikkelä
- MAX-lab, Lund University, P.O. Box SE-118, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - E Mårsell
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Division, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - C Polley
- MAX-lab, Lund University, P.O. Box SE-118, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - A Mikkelsen
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Division, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - W Zhang
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A Yartsev
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - C J D Hetherington
- nCHREM, Center for analysis and synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - L R Wallenberg
- nCHREM, Center for analysis and synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - O Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Leiro JA, Laajalehto K, Peltoniemi MS, Torhola M, Szczerbakow A. Surface core-level shift and AFM study of the galena (100) surface. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lazarides AA, Duke CB, Paton A, Kahn A. Determination of the surface atomic geometry of PbTe(100) by dynamical low-energy electron-diffraction intensity analysis. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:14895-14905. [PMID: 9980829 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Identifying chemisorption in the interaction of thiol collectors with sulfide minerals by XPS: adsorption of xanthate on silver and silver sulfide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(95)03279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A survey of the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to flotation research. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(94)02906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kartio I, Laajalehto K, Suoninen E. Application of electron spectroscopy to characterization of mineral surfaces in flotation studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(94)02898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Buckley AN, Riley KW. Self-induced floatability of sulphide minerals: Examination of recent evidence for elemental sulphur as the hydrophobic entity. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.740170908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Comelli G, Sastry M, Paolucci G, Prince KC, Olivi L. Adsorbate-induced surface core-level shifts of Pd(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:14385-14389. [PMID: 9997327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Allan G. Surface core-level shifts and relaxation of group-IVA-element chalcogenide semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:9594-9598. [PMID: 9996656 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.9594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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