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Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10121571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Red mud is an iron-containing waste of alumina production with high alkalinity. A promising approach for its recycling is solid-phase carbothermic roasting in the presence of special additives followed by magnetic separation. The crucial factor of the separation of the obtained iron metallic particles from gangue is sufficiently large iron grains. This study focuses on the influence of Na2SO4 addition on iron grain growth during carbothermic roasting of two red mud samples with different (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21, respectively. Iron phase distribution in the red mud and roasted samples were investigated in detail by Mössbauer spectroscopy method. Based on thermodynamic calculations and results of multifactorial experiments, the optimal conditions for the roasting of the red mud samples with (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21 were duration of 180 min with the addition of 13.65% Na2SO4 at 1150 °C and 1350 °C followed by magnetic separation that led to 97% and 83.91% of iron recovery, as well as 51.6% and 83.7% of iron grade, respectively. The mechanism of sodium sulfate effect on iron grain growth was proposed. The results pointed out that Na2SO4 addition is unfavorable for the red mud carbothermic roasting compared with other alkaline sulfur-free additives.
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Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9121313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Red mud is a by-product of alumina production from bauxite ore by the Bayer method, which contains considerable amounts of valuable components such as iron, aluminum, titanium, and scandium. In this study, an approach was applied to extract iron, i.e., carbothermic reduction roasting of red mud with sodium and potassium carbonates followed by magnetic separation. The thermodynamic analysis of iron and iron-free components’ behavior during carbothermic reduction was carried out by HSC Chemistry 9.98 (Outotec, Pori, Finland) and FactSage 7.1 (Thermfact, Montreal, Canada; GTT-Technologies, Herzogenrath, Germany) software. The effects of the alkaline carbonates’ addition, as well as duration and temperature of roasting on the iron metallization degree, iron grains’ size, and magnetic separation process were investigated experimentally. The best conditions for the reduction roasting were found to be as follows: 22.01% of K2CO3 addition, 1250 °C, and 180 min of duration. As a generalization of the obtained data, the mechanism of alkaline carbonates’ influence on iron grain growth was proposed.
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Cheng H, Yang N, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Syntheses and Properties of Metal Nanomaterials with Novel Crystal Phases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707189. [PMID: 29658155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, researchers have devoted tremendous effort into the rational design and controlled synthesis of metal nanomaterials with well-defined size, morphology, composition, and structure, and great achievements have been reached. However, the crystal-phase engineering of metal nanomaterials still remains a big challenge. Recent research has revealed that the crystal phase of metal nanomaterials can significantly alter their properties, arising from the distinct atomic arrangement and modified electronic structure. Until now, it has been relatively uncommon to synthesize metal nanomaterials with novel crystal phases in spite of the fact that these nanostructures would be promising for various applications. Here, the research progress regarding the fine control of noble metal (Au, Ag, Ru, Rh, Pd) and non-noble metal (Fe, Co, Ni) nanomaterials with novel crystal phases is reviewed. First, synthesis strategies and their phase transformations are summarized, while highlighting the peculiar characteristics of each element. The phase-dependent properties are then discussed by providing representative examples. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in this emerging field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Cheng
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nailiang Yang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qipeng Lu
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Arabczyk W, Ekiert EA, Pelka R. Hysteresis phenomenon in a reaction system of nanocrystalline iron and a mixture of ammonia and hydrogen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25796-25800. [PMID: 27711554 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In a nanoFe/NH3/H2 system a hysteresis phenomenon occurs and two phases coexist, according to the extended phase rule of Gibbs due to a degree of freedom associated with the nanocrystallite size.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Arabczyk
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering
- 70-322 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - E. A. Ekiert
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering
- 70-322 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - R. Pelka
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering
- 70-322 Szczecin
- Poland
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Kim M, Phan VN, Lee K. Exploiting nanoparticles as precursors for novel nanostructure designs and properties. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25815c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pankratov DA, Yurkov GY, Astaf’ev DA, Gubin SP. Chlorination as a means for changing the composition of iron-containing nanoparticles in a polyethylene matrix. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602360806020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Macrí PP, Enzo S, Cowlam N, Frattini R, Principi G, Hu WX. Mechanical alloying of immiscible Cu70TM30 alloys (TM = Fe,Co). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01418639508240309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. P. Macrí
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica , D. D. 2137, 30123 , Venezia , Italy
- b Department of Physics , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7RH , UK
| | - S. Enzo
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica , D. D. 2137, 30123 , Venezia , Italy
| | - N. Cowlam
- b Department of Physics , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7RH , UK
| | - R. Frattini
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica , D. D. 2137, 30123 , Venezia , Italy
| | - G. Principi
- c Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica , via Marzolo 9, 35131 , Padova , Italy
| | - W. X. Hu
- c Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica , via Marzolo 9, 35131 , Padova , Italy
- d Research Center for Nuclear Analysis Techniques , Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research, Academia Sinica , Shanghai , 201800 , People's Republic of China
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Magnetic nanocomposites based on cyclodextrin-containing molecular tubes and iron nanoparticles. Colloid Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-005-1456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jeon YT, Moon JY, Lee GH, Park J, Chang Y. Comparison of the Magnetic Properties of Metastable Hexagonal Close-Packed Ni Nanoparticles with Those of the Stable Face-Centered Cubic Ni Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2005; 110:1187-91. [PMID: 16471662 DOI: 10.1021/jp054608b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the first magnetic study of pure and metastable hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Ni nanoparticles (sample 1). We also produced stable face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni nanoparticles, as mixtures with the hcp Ni nanoparticles (samples 2 and 3). We compared the magnetic properties of the hcp Ni nanoparticles with those of the fcc Ni nanoparticles by observing the evolution of magnetic properties from those of the hcp Ni nanoparticles to those of the fcc Ni nanoparticles as the number of fcc Ni nanoparticles increased from sample 1 to sample 3. The blocking temperature (T(B)) of the hcp Ni nanoparticles is approximately 12 K for particle diameters ranging between 8.5 and 18 nm, whereas those of the fcc Ni nanoparticles are 250 and 270 K for average particle diameters of 18 and 26 nm, respectively. The hcp Ni nanoparticles seem to be antiferromagnetic for T < T(B) and paramagnetic for T > T(B). This is very different from the fcc Ni nanoparticles, which are ferromagnetic for T < T(B) and superparamagnetic for T > T(B). This unusual magnetic state of the metastable hcp Ni nanoparticles is likely related to their increased bond distance (2.665 angstroms), compared to that (2.499 angstroms) of the stable fcc Ni nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Tae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, South Korea
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Blyakhman Y, Polushkin NI, Akhsakhalyan AD, Gusev SA, Salashchenko NN, Semenov VG. Magnetic ordering in Fe-containing spinodally decomposing materials synthesized from laser plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:10303-10314. [PMID: 9980081 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Billas IM, Châtelain A, de Heer WA. Magnetism from the Atom to the Bulk in Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Clusters. Science 1994; 265:1682-4. [PMID: 17770895 DOI: 10.1126/science.265.5179.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 886] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Molecular beam deflection measurements of small iron, cobalt, and nickel clusters show how magnetism develops as the cluster size is increased from several tens to several hundreds of atoms for temperatures between 80 and 1000 K. Ferromagnetism occurs even for the smallest sizes: for clusters with fewer than about 30 atoms the magnetic moments are atomlike; as the size is increased up to 700 atoms, the magnetic moments approach the bulk limit, with oscillations probably caused by surface-induced spin-density waves. The trends are explained in a magnetic shell model. A crystallographic phase transition from high moment to low moment in iron clusters has also been identified.
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Synthesis of iron—cobalt ultrafine particles by decomposition of Fe(CO)5Co(CO)3NO using a TEA CO2 laser. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)01006-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fitzsimmons MR, Eastman JA, Robinson RA, Lawson AC, Thompson JD, Movshovich R, Satti J. Magnetic order in nanocrystalline Cr and suppression of antiferromagnetism in bcc Cr. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:8245-8252. [PMID: 10007015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.8245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Crespo P, Hernando A, Yavari R, Drbohlav O, Barandiarán JM, Orúe I. Magnetic behavior of metastable fcc Fe-Cu after thermal treatments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:7134-7139. [PMID: 10006882 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Hernando A, Crespo P, García-Escorial A, Barandiarán JM. Comment on "Mechanically driven alloying of immiscible elements". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:3521. [PMID: 10053892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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