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Sarmah HJ, Deka A, Kulriya PK, Mohanta D. Evidence of diamond-like carbon phase formation due to 80 keV Xe
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ion impact on pencil-lead graphitic systems with oblique angle incidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/125/36003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Belan EP, Khar’kov DV, Avdonin AV. Investigation of the Character of Stored-Energy Release from Graphite Irradiated at High Temperature. ATOM ENERGY+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10512-018-00465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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McGehee WR, Michels T, Aksyuk V, McClelland JJ. Two-dimensional imaging and modification of nanophotonic resonator modes using a focused ion beam. OPTICA 2017; 4:1444-1450. [PMID: 29335677 PMCID: PMC5766004 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging of optical resonator modes is a key step in the development and characterization of nanophotonic devices. Many sub-wavelength mode-imaging techniques have been developed using optical and electron beam excitation-each with its own limitations in spectral and spatial resolution. Here, we report a 2D imaging technique using a pulsed, low-energy focused ion beam of Li+ to probe the near-surface fields inside photonic resonators. The ion beam locally modifies the resonator structure, causing temporally varying spectroscopic shifts of the resonator. We demonstrate this imaging technique on several optical modes of silicon microdisk resonators by rastering the ion beam across the disk surface and extracting the maximum mode shift at the location of each ion pulse. A small shift caused by ion beam heating is also observed and is independently extracted to directly measure the thermal response of the device. This technique enables visualization of the splitting of degenerate modes into spatially-resolved standing waves and permits persistent optical mode editing. Ion beam probing enables minimally perturbative, in operando imaging of nanophotonic devices with high resolution and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. McGehee
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Thomas Michels
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department for Microelectronic and Nanoelectronic Systems, University of Technology Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Vladimir Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jabez J. McClelland
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Skowron ST, Lebedeva IV, Popov AM, Bichoutskaia E. Energetics of atomic scale structure changes in graphene. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3143-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00499j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An overview of theoretical and experimental studies concerned with energetics of atomic scale structure changes in graphene, including thermally activated and electron irradiation-induced processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina V. Lebedeva
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV/EHU
- San Sebastian E-20018
- Spain
| | - Andrey M. Popov
- Institute for Spectroscopy of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 142190
- Russia
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Plant SR, Cao L, Yin F, Wang ZW, Palmer RE. Size-dependent propagation of Au nanoclusters through few-layer graphene. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1258-63. [PMID: 24242001 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the size-dependent propagation of gold nanoclusters through few-layer graphene (FLG). We employ aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to track the fate of Au55 and Au923 clusters that have been deposited, independently and isoenergetically, onto suspended FLG films using cluster beam deposition. We demonstrate that Au55 clusters penetrate through the FLG, whereas the monodisperse Au923 clusters reside at the surface. Our approach offers a route to the controlled incorporation of dopant nanoparticles and the generation of nanoscale defects in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Plant
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Latham CD, Heggie MI, Alatalo M, Oberg S, Briddon PR. The contribution made by lattice vacancies to the Wigner effect in radiation-damaged graphite. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:135403. [PMID: 23470497 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/13/135403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Models for radiation damage in graphite are reviewed and compared, leading to a re-examination of the contribution made by vacancies to annealing processes. A method based on density functional theory, using large supercells with orthorhombic and hexagonal symmetry, is employed to calculate the properties and behaviour of lattice vacancies and displacement defects. It is concluded that annihilation of intimate Frenkel defects marks the onset of recovery in electrical resistivity, which occurs when the temperature exceeds about 160 K. The migration of isolated monovacancies is estimated to have an activation energy of E(a) ≈ 1.1 eV. Coalescence into divacancy defects occurs in several stages, with different barriers at each stage, depending on the path. The formation of pairs ultimately yields up to 8.9 eV energy, which is nearly 1.0 eV more than the formation energy for an isolated monovacancy. Processes resulting in vacancy coalescence and annihilation appear to be responsible for the main Wigner energy release peak in radiation-damaged graphite, occurring at about 475 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Niwase K, Nakamura KG, Yokoo M, Kondo KI, Iwata T. Pathway for the transformation from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite into amorphous diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:116803. [PMID: 19392227 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.116803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel pathway for the transformation from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite foils into amorphous diamond platelets. This pathway consists of three stages of neutron irradiation, shock compression, and rapid quenching. We obtained transparent platelets which show photoluminescence but no diamond Raman peak, similar to the case of amorphous diamond synthesized from C60 fullerene. Wigner defects formed by irradiation are considered to make a high density of diamond nucleation sites under shock compression, of which growth is suppressed by rapid quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Niwase
- Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Kato, Hyogo 673-1494, Japan
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Kato K, Ishioka K, Kitajima M, Tang J, Saito R, Petek H. Coherent phonon anisotropy in aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3102-3108. [PMID: 18788825 DOI: 10.1021/nl801200p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By time-resolved reflectivity measurements with sub-10 fs laser pulses at 395 nm, the coherent phonons of aligned bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes are observed for various polarization directions of the pump and probe pulses. In the isotropic reflectivity measurement, we observe the radial breathing modes, G, and even D modes, while in the anisotropic reflectivity mode, only the G mode appears. A complex polarization dependence of the G band phonon amplitude in the isotropic reflectivity is explained by the superposition of G band phonons with different symmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kato
- Advanced Nano Characterization Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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Mélinon P, Hannour A, Bardotti L, Prével B, Gierak J, Bourhis E, Faini G, Canut B. Ion beam nanopatterning in graphite: characterization of single extended defects. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:235305. [PMID: 21825788 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/23/235305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and the electronic structure of a single focused ion-beam-induced artificial extended defect is probed by several methods including micro-Raman spectroscopy, atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopies and Monte Carlo and/or semi-analytical simulation within standard codes. The efficiency of the artificial defect for deposited metallic cluster pinning is also investigated. We show a correlation between the ion dose, morphology, electronic structure and cluster trapping efficiency. At room temperature, cluster pinning is efficient when the displacement per atom is one or more. Well-ordered patterned cluster networks are considered for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mélinon
- Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures UMR 5586, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I et CNRS, Bâtiment Lon Brillouin, 6 rue Ampère, Domaine de la Doua, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Urita K, Suenaga K, Sugai T, Shinohara H, Iijima S. In situ observation of thermal relaxation of interstitial-vacancy pair defects in a graphite gap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:155502. [PMID: 15904158 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.155502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct observation of individual defects during formation and annihilation in the interlayer gap of double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWNT) is demonstrated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The interlayer defects that bridge two adjacent graphen layers in DWNT are stable for a macroscopic time at the temperature below 450 K. These defects are assigned to a cluster of one or two interstitial-vacancy pairs (I-V pairs) and often disappear just after their formation at higher temperatures due to an instantaneous recombination of the interstitial atom with vacancy. Systematic observations performed at the elevated temperatures find a threshold for the defect annihilation at 450-500 K, which, indeed, corresponds to the known temperature for the Wigner energy release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Urita
- Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
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Hashimoto A, Suenaga K, Gloter A, Urita K, Iijima S. Direct evidence for atomic defects in graphene layers. Nature 2004; 430:870-3. [PMID: 15318216 DOI: 10.1038/nature02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atomic-scale defects in graphene layers alter the physical and chemical properties of carbon nanostructures. Theoretical predictions have recently shown that energetic particles such as electrons and ions can induce polymorphic atomic defects in graphene layers as a result of knock-on atom displacements. However, the number of experimental reports on these defects is limited. The graphite network in single-walled carbon nanotubes has been visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their chiral indices have been determined. But the methods used require a long image acquisition time and intensive numerical treatments after observations to find an 'average' image, which prevents the accurate detection and investigation of defect structures. Here we report observations in situ of defect formation in single graphene layers by high-resolution TEM. The observed structures are expected to be of use when engineering the properties of carbon nanostructures for specific device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hashimoto
- Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
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Ewels CP, Telling RH, El-Barbary AA, Heggie MI, Briddon PR. Metastable Frenkel pair defect in graphite: source of Wigner energy? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003. [PMID: 12906489 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.68.144107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The atomic processes associated with energy storage and release in irradiated graphite have long been subject to untested speculation. We examine structures and recombination routes for interstitial-vacancy (I-V) pairs in graphite. Interaction results in the formation of a new metastable defect (an intimate I-V pair) or a Stone-Wales defect. The intimate I-V pair, although 2.9 eV more stable than its isolated constituents, still has a formation energy of 10.8 eV. The barrier to recombination to perfect graphite is calculated to be 1.3 eV, consistent with the experimental first Wigner energy release peak at 1.38 eV. We expect similar defects to form in carbon nanostructures such as nanotubes, nested fullerenes, and onions under irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Ewels
- CPES, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom.
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Telling RH, Ewels CP, El-Barbary AA, Heggie MI. Wigner defects bridge the graphite gap. NATURE MATERIALS 2003; 2:333-337. [PMID: 12692535 DOI: 10.1038/nmat876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2002] [Accepted: 03/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present findings on the structure, energies and behaviour of defects in irradiated graphitic carbon materials. Defect production due to high-energy nuclear radiations experienced in graphite moderators is generally associated with undesirable changes in internal energy, microstructure and physical properties--the so-called Wigner effect. On the flip side, the controlled introduction and ability to handle such defects in the electron beam is considered a desirable way to engineer the properties of carbon nanostructures. In both cases, the atomic-level details of structure and interaction are only just beginning to be understood. Here, using a model system of crystalline graphite, we show from first-principles calculations, new details in the behaviour of vacancy and interstitial defects. We identify a prominent barrier-state to energy release, reveal a surprising ability of vacancy defects to bridge the widely spaced atomic layers, and discuss physical property and microstructure changes during irradiation, including interactions with dislocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob H Telling
- The University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
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Niwase K. Irradiation-induced amorphization of graphite. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:15785-15798. [PMID: 9980953 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Asari E, Kamioka I, Nakamura KG, Kawabe T, Lewis WA, Kitajima M. Lattice disordering in graphite under rare-gas ion irradiation studied by Raman spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:1011-1015. [PMID: 10010405 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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