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Sáenz-Trevizo A, Hodge AM. Nanomaterials by design: a review of nanoscale metallic multilayers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:292002. [PMID: 32186280 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale metallic multilayers have been shown to have a wide range of outstanding properties, which differ to a great extent from those observed in monolithic films. Their exceptional properties are mainly associated with the large number of interfaces and the nanoscale layer thicknesses. Many studies have investigated these materials focusing on magnetic, mechanical, optical, or radiation tolerance properties. Thus, this review provides a summary of the findings in each area, including a description of the general attributes, the adopted synthesis methods and most common characterization techniques used. This information is followed by a compendium of the material properties and a brief discussion of related experimental data, as well as existing and promising applications. Other phenomena of interest, including thermal stability studies, self-propagating reactions and the progression from nano multilayers to amorphous and/or crystalline alloys, are also covered. In general, this review highlights the use of nano multilayer architectures as viable routes to overcome the challenges of designing and implementing new engineering materials at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sáenz-Trevizo
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, 854 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
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Akin M, Pratt A, Blackburn J, Dietzel A. Paper-Based Magneto-Resistive Sensor: Modeling, Fabrication, Characterization, and Application. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124392. [PMID: 30545031 PMCID: PMC6308649 DOI: 10.3390/s18124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed and fabricated a paper-based anisotropic magneto-resistive sensor using a sputtered permalloy (Ni81Fe19) thin film. To interpret the characteristics of the sensor, we proposed a computational model to capture the influence of the stochastic fiber network of the paper surface and to explain the physics behind the empirically observed difference in paper-based anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR). Using the model, we verified two main empirical observations: (1) The stochastic fiber network of the paper substrate induces a shift of 45∘ in the AMR response of the paper-based Ni81Fe19 thin film compared to a Ni81Fe19 film on a smooth surface as long as the fibrous topography has not become buried. (2) The ratio of magnitudes of AMR peaks at different anisotropy angles and the inverted AMR peak at the 90∘-anisotropy angle are explained through the superposition of the responses of Ni81Fe19 inheriting the fibrous topography and smoother Ni81Fe19 on buried fibrous topographies. As for the sensitivity and reproducibility of the sensor signal, we obtained a maximum AMR peak of 0.4%, min-max sensitivity range of [0.17,0.26]%, average asymmetry of peak location of 2.7kAm within two consecutive magnetic loading cycles, and a deviation of 250–850 Am of peak location across several anisotropy angles at a base resistance of ∼100 Ω. Last, we demonstrated the usability of the sensor in two educational application examples: a textbook clicker and interactive braille flashcards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Akin
- Institute of Microtechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Autumn Pratt
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Jennifer Blackburn
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Microtechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Phonon Surface Scattering and Thermal Energy Distribution in Superlattices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5625. [PMID: 28717137 PMCID: PMC5514034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal transport at small length scales has attracted significant attention in recent years and various experimental and theoretical methods have been developed to establish the reduced thermal conductivity. The fundamental understanding of how phonons move and the physical mechanisms behind nanoscale thermal transport, however, remains poorly understood. Here we move beyond thermal conductivity calculations and provide a rigorous and comprehensive physical description of thermal phonon transport in superlattices by solving the Boltzmann transport equation and using the Beckman-Kirchhoff surface scattering theory with shadowing to precisely describe phonon-surface interactions. We show that thermal transport in superlattices can be divided in two different heat transport modes having different physical properties at small length scales: layer-restricted and extended heat modes. We study how interface conditions, periodicity, and composition can be used to manipulate the distribution of thermal energy flow among such layer-restricted and extended heat modes. From predicted frequency and mean free path spectra of superlattices, we also investigate the existence of wave effects. The results and insights in this paper advance the fundamental understanding of heat transport in superlattices and the prospects of rationally designing thermal systems with tailored phonon transport properties.
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Zhang SSL, Vignale G. Nonlocal Anomalous Hall Effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:136601. [PMID: 27081994 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.136601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The anomalous Hall (AH) effect is deemed to be a unique transport property of ferromagnetic metals, caused by the concerted action of spin polarization and spin-orbit coupling. Nevertheless, recent experiments have shown that the effect also occurs in a nonmagnetic metal (Pt) in contact with a magnetic insulator [yttrium iron garnet (YIG)], even when precautions are taken to ensure that there is no induced magnetization in the metal. We propose a theory of this effect based on the combined action of spin-dependent scattering from the magnetic interface and the spin-Hall effect in the bulk of the metal. At variance with previous theories, we predict the effect to be of first order in the spin-orbit coupling, just as the conventional anomalous Hall effect-the only difference being the spatial separation of the spin-orbit interaction and the magnetization. For this reason we name this effect the nonlocal anomalous Hall effect and predict that its sign will be determined by the sign of the spin-Hall angle in the metal. The AH conductivity that we calculate from our theory is in order of magnitude agreement with the measured values in Pt/YIG structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S-L Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Giovanni Vignale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Barthélémy A, Fert A, Petroff F. Chapter 1 Giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers. HANDBOOK OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-2719(99)12005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Tsymbal EY, Pettifor DG. Effects of band structure and spin-independent disorder on conductivity and giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu and Fe/Cr multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:15314-15329. [PMID: 9985596 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Zhang S, Levy PM. Enhanced Spin Dependent Scattering at Interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:916-919. [PMID: 10062939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Korenivski V, Rao KV, Colino J, Schuller IK. Extraordinary Hall effect in giant magnetoresistive Fe/Cr multilayers: The role of interface scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:R11938-R11941. [PMID: 9982892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.r11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Swagten HJ, Strijkers GJ, Bloemen PJ, Willekens MM. Enhanced giant magnetoresistance in spin-valves sandwiched between insulating NiO. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:9108-9114. [PMID: 9982411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.9108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Barnas J, Bruynseraede Y. Electronic transport in ultrathin magnetic multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:5449-5460. [PMID: 9984152 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Chico L, Falicov LM. Electron scattering at interfaces: A tight-binding approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:6640-6646. [PMID: 9981893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.6640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dugaev VK, Litvinov VI, Petrov PP. Electric-current transmission through the contact of two metals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:5306-5312. [PMID: 9981719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.5306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Pérez-Díaz JL, Muñoz MC. Fermi surface of ferromagnetic fcc cobalt. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:2471-2475. [PMID: 9981311 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yu C, Li S, Lai W, Yan M, Wang Y, Wang Z. Giant magnetoresistance in Fe/Ag multilayers and its anomalous temperature dependence. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:1123-1132. [PMID: 9980690 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bulka BR, Barnas J. Parallel magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:6348-6357. [PMID: 9977174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Schep KM, Kelly PJ, Bauer GE. Giant Magnetoresistance without Defect Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:586-589. [PMID: 10058795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Itoh H, Inoue J, Maekawa S. Theory of giant magnetoresistance for parallel and perpendicular currents in magnetic multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:342-352. [PMID: 9977095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Beliën P, Schad R, Potter CD, Verbanck G, Moshchalkov VV, Bruynseraede Y. Relation between interface roughness and giant magnetoresistance in MBE-grown polycrystalline Fe/Cr superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:9957-9962. [PMID: 9975078 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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