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Chamsa-Ard W, Brundavanam S, Fung CC, Fawcett D, Poinern G. Nanofluid Types, Their Synthesis, Properties and Incorporation in Direct Solar Thermal Collectors: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E131. [PMID: 28561802 PMCID: PMC5485778 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global demand for energy is increasing and the detrimental consequences of rising greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and environmental degradation present major challenges. Solar energy offers a clean and viable renewable energy source with the potential to alleviate the detrimental consequences normally associated with fossil fuel-based energy generation. However, there are two inherent problems associated with conventional solar thermal energy conversion systems. The first involves low thermal conductivity values of heat transfer fluids, and the second involves the poor optical properties of many absorbers and their coating. Hence, there is an imperative need to improve both thermal and optical properties of current solar conversion systems. Direct solar thermal absorption collectors incorporating a nanofluid offers the opportunity to achieve significant improvements in both optical and thermal performance. Since nanofluids offer much greater heat absorbing and heat transfer properties compared to traditional working fluids. The review summarizes current research in this innovative field. It discusses direct solar absorber collectors and methods for improving their performance. This is followed by a discussion of the various types of nanofluids available and the synthesis techniques used to manufacture them. In closing, a brief discussion of nanofluid property modelling is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisut Chamsa-Ard
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Sridevi Brundavanam
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Chun Che Fung
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Derek Fawcett
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Gerrard Poinern
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Chang SLY, Barnard AS, Dwyer C, Boothroyd CB, Hocking RK, Ōsawa E, Nicholls RJ. Counting vacancies and nitrogen-vacancy centers in detonation nanodiamond. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10548-52. [PMID: 27147128 PMCID: PMC5048336 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamond particles (DND) contain highly-stable nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers, making it important for quantum-optical and biotechnology applications. However, due to the small particle size, the N-V concentrations are believed to be intrinsically very low, spawning efforts to understand the formation of N-V centers and vacancies, and increase their concentration. Here we show that vacancies in DND can be detected and quantified using simulation-aided electron energy loss spectroscopy. Despite the small particle size, we find that vacancies exist at concentrations of about 1 at%. Based on this experimental finding, we use ab initio calculations to predict that about one fifth of vacancies in DND form N-V centers. The ability to directly detect and quantify vacancies in DND, and predict the corresponding N-V formation probability, has a significant impact to those emerging technologies where higher concentrations and better dispersion of N-V centres are critically required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery L Y Chang
- Leroy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
| | | | | | - Chris B Boothroyd
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rosalie K Hocking
- College of Science Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Eiji Ōsawa
- NanoCarbon Research Institute, Ueda, Japan
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Tizei LHG, Liu Z, Koshino M, Iizumi Y, Okazaki T, Suenaga K. Single molecular spectroscopy: identification of individual fullerene molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:185502. [PMID: 25396379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.185502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the molecule-by-molecule spectroscopy of individual fullerenes by means of electron spectroscopy based on scanning transmission electron microscopy. Electron energy-loss fine structure analysis of carbon 1s absorption spectra is used to discriminate carbon allotropes with known symmetries. C(60) and C(70) molecules randomly stored inside carbon nanotubes are successfully identified at a single-molecular basis. We show that a single molecule impurity is detectable, allowing the recognition of an unexpected contaminant molecule with a different symmetry. Molecules inside carbon nanotubes thus preserve their intact molecular symmetry. In contrast, molecules anchored at or sandwiched between atomic BN layers show spectral modifications possibly due to a largely degraded structural symmetry. Moreover, by comparing the spectrum from a single C(60) molecule and its molecular crystal, we find hints of the influence of solid-state effects on its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H G Tizei
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Zheng Liu
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masanori Koshino
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoko Iizumi
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okazaki
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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Pyrzynska K. Carbon nanotubes as sorbents in the analysis of pesticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1407-1413. [PMID: 21396677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With increasing public concerns for agrochemicals and their potential movement in the ecosystem, very sensitive, selective and precise methods for the analysis of pesticides are needed. Because these substances are present usually at trace levels, the extraction and preconcentration steps are so far essential for their detection. Discoveries of novel nanomaterials with unique properties have significant impact on their use also in extraction techniques. This overview reports the recent application of carbon nanotubes in the analysis of pesticides. The largest numbers of reported applications of carbon nanotubes concern their role as a sorbent materials in solid-phase extraction and microextraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Pyrzynska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, Warsaw, Poland.
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Ehrler OT, Furche F, Weber JM, Kappes MM. Photoelectron spectroscopy of fullerene dianions C762−, C782−, and C842−. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:094321. [PMID: 15836142 DOI: 10.1063/1.1859272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report laser photoelectron spectra of the doubly negatively charged fullerenes C(76) (2-), C(78) (2-), and C(84) (2-) at 2.33, 3.49, and 4.66 eV photon energy. From these spectra, second electron affinities and vertical detachment energies, as well as estimates for the repulsive Coulomb barriers are obtained. These results are discussed in the context of electrostatic models. They reveal that fullerenes are similar to conducting spheres, with electronic properties scaling with their size. The experimental spectra are compared with the accessible excited states of the respective singly charged product ions calculated in the framework of time dependent density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oli T Ehrler
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ehrler OT, Weber JM, Furche F, Kappes MM. Photoelectron spectroscopy of C(84) dianions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:113006. [PMID: 14525423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the laser photoelectron spectra of doubly negatively charged C84 (D2 and D(2d)) using 532 nm and 355 nm radiation. From these spectra, values for the second electron affinity and vertical detachment energy, as well as upper and lower limits for the repulsive Coulomb barrier, are obtained. These values are discussed in the context of classical electrostatic models. The experimental spectra are compared with the accessible excited states of the C-84 product ion calculated in the framework of time dependent density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oli T Ehrler
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Yuan J, Brown LM. Investigation of atomic structures of diamond-like amorphous carbon by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Micron 2000; 31:515-25. [PMID: 10831296 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research into amorphous carbon films has been developed to such an extent that the film property can be fine tuned to mimic that of the crystalline counterparts, be it diamond, graphite, or even fullerene-like. This flexibility makes such films ideal for a wide range of applications from anti-abrasive window coating to lubricating layers on the surface of magnetic hard-disk. Not only are their mechanical properties interesting, electrically the diamond-like amorphous carbon films are also easier to dope than crystalline diamond, making them potentially a better alternative to amorphous silicon for photovoltaic devices. We will show that electron energy loss spectroscopy, in particular the carbon 1s core absorption spectroscopy, has been instrumental in revealing the nature of the bonding between carbon atoms. Such information allows microstructure models to be developed for proper understanding of the observed properties and providing scientific basis for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yuan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
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Kato H, Suenaga K, Mikawa M, Okumura M, Miwa N, Yashiro A, Fujimura H, Mizuno A, Nishida Y, Kobayashi K, Shinohara H. Syntheses and EELS characterization of water-soluble multi-hydroxyl Gd@C82 fullerenols. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ling Y, Lifshitz C. Plasmon excitation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons studied by photoionization. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kuzuo R, Terauchi M, Tanaka M, Saito Y, Achiba Y. Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy study of C76. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:11018-11021. [PMID: 9977805 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.11018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Armbruster JF, Roth M, Romberg HA, Sing M, Schmidt M, Schweiss P, Adelmann P, Golden MS, Fink J, Michel RH, Rockenberger J, Hennrich F, Kappes MM. Electron energy-loss and photoemission studies of solid C84. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:4933-4936. [PMID: 9976815 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Saito Y, Fujimoto N, Kikuchi K, Achiba Y. C76 thin films grown on mica and NaCl substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:14794-14797. [PMID: 10010581 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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