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Reiker T, Liu Z, Winter C, Cappellari MV, Abradelo DG, Strassert CA, Zhang D, Zacharias H. Ultrafast electron dynamics in excited states of conjugated thiophene-fluorene organic polymer (pF8T2) thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4736-4751. [PMID: 38251969 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00502j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The electronic states of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-alt-bithiophene) pF8T2 on H/Si(100) substrates, prototypical for organic photovoltaics, were investigated by ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy and by time-resolved fluorescence studies. Occupied and unoccupied electronic states were analysed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), static and dynamic femtosecond two-photon photoemission (2PPE), and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). Time-resolved measurements allow assessment of population lifetimes of intermediate states. The combination of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation allows following the electronic dynamics in excited states from the femtosecond to the nanosecond time scale. For this prototypical material the electron kinetic energy resolved lifetimes range from about a few tens of femtoseconds up to hundreds of picoseconds. After annealing these types of organic thin films the efficiency of organic solar cells usually increases. We show that annealing does not influence the initial ultrafast charge generation processes, but the long-lived states. However, the nanosecond scale fluorescence lifetimes measured by TCSPC are prolonged after annealing, which therefore is identified as the cause of a greater exciton diffusion range and thus is beneficial for charge carrier extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reiker
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Physics Institute, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Z Liu
- Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - C Winter
- Physics Institute, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M V Cappellari
- Center for Nanotechnology and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Gonzalez Abradelo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C A Strassert
- Center for Nanotechnology and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Zhang
- Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - H Zacharias
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Physics Institute, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Leenaers P, Maufort AJLA, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Impact of π-Conjugated Linkers on the Effective Exciton Binding Energy of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Dithienopyrrole Copolymers. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:27403-27412. [PMID: 33363695 PMCID: PMC7751171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the nature of the π-conjugated linker that is positioned between electron-deficient 2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPP) and electron-rich dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole (DTP) units in alternating DPP-DTP copolymers on the optical and electrochemical band gaps and the effective exciton binding energy is investigated for six different aromatic linkers. The optical band gap is related to the electron-donating properties of DTP and the electron-withdrawing properties of DPP but likewise strongly affected by the nature of the linker and varies between 1.13 and 1.80 eV for the six different linkers. The lowest optical band gaps are found for linkers that either raise the highest occupied molecular orbital or lower the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital most, while the highest optical band gap is found for phenyl linkers that have neither strong donating nor strong accepting properties. Along with the optical band gap, the electrochemical band gap also changes, but to a lesser extent from 1.46 to 1.89 eV. The effective exciton binding energy (E b), defined as the difference between the electrochemical and optical band gaps, decreases with an increasing band gap and reaches a minimum of 0.09 eV for the copolymer with the highest band gap, that is, with phenyl linkers. The reduction in E b with an increasing band gap is tentatively explained by a reduced electronic interaction between the DTP and DPP units when the HOMO localizes on DTP and the LUMO localizes on DPP. Support for this explanation is found in the molar absorption coefficient of the copolymers, which shows an overall decreasing trend with decreasing E b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter
J. Leenaers
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Arthur J. L. A. Maufort
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Chen PT, Yang YW, Reiter G, Yang ACM. Large quantum efficiency enhancements of pristine conjugated polymer MEH-PPV by interlayer polymer diffusion. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Meng R, Li Y, Li C, Gao K, Yin S, Wang L. Exciton transport in π-conjugated polymers with conjugation defects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24971-24978. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation defects can be divided into energy barriers and energy wells energetically to affect exciton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Meng
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Chong Li
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Sun Yin
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Luxia Wang
- Department of Physics
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
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5
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Meng R, Gao K, Zhang G, Han S, Yang F, Li Y, Xie S. Exciton intrachain transport induced by interchain packing configurations in conjugated polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18600-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exciton intrachain transport in polymers induced by the driving force resulting from the gradient of exciton creation energy along chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Meng
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Gaiyan Zhang
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Shixuan Han
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Fujiang Yang
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Shijie Xie
- School of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
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Ribeiro Junior LA, Stafström S. Polaron stability in molecular semiconductors: theoretical insight into the impact of the temperature, electric field and the system dimensionality. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:8973-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A semi-empirical Holstein–Peierls model is used to study the temperature effects on the polaron stability in organic semiconductors at a molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Stafström
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
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7
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Marques AT, Burrows HD, Seixas de Melo JS, Valente AJM, Justino LLG, Scherf U, Fron E, Rocha S, Hofkens J, Snedden EW, Monkman AP. Spectroscopic properties, excitation, and electron transfer in an anionic water-soluble poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene)-perylenediimide copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7548-59. [PMID: 22554070 DOI: 10.1021/jp3000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An anionic fluorene-phenylene poly{1,4-phenylene-[9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate)]fluorene-2,7-diyl}-based copolymer containing on-chain perylenediimine (PDI) chromophoric units, PBS-PFP-PDI, was synthesized and its photophysical properties studied as aggregates and isolated chains in water and dioxane/water (1:1) solution. UV-vis and emission spectroscopy measurements, time-correlated single photon counting, and wide field imaging have been employed to investigate the excited-state behavior of the PBS-PFP-PDI copolymer, including the effect of environment on the energy and electron transfer to the on-chain PDI chromophore. Although the Förster overlap integral is favorable, no evidence is found for intramolecular singlet excitation energy transfer in isolated copolymer chains in solution. Fluorescence is suggested to involve an interchain process, thus revealing that isolated copolymer chains in solution do not undergo efficient intramolecular energy transfer. However, quenching of the PBS-PFP excited state by PDI is observed in aqueous media and ultrafast pump-probe studies in water or dioxane-water solutions show that electron transfer occurs from the phenylene-fluorene units to the PDI. The extent of electron transfer increases with aggregation, suggesting it is largely an interchain process. The interaction of the negatively charged PBS-PFP-PDI copolymer with the positively charged surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in solution has also been studied. The copolymer PBS-PFP-PDI aggregates with the surfactant already at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and the nonpolar environment allows intermolecular energy transfer, observed by the weak emission band located at 630 nm that is associated with the emission of the PDI chromophore. However, the fact that the PDI photoluminescence (PL) lifetime (~1.4 ns) obtained in the presence of CTAB is considerably shorter than that of the nonaggregated chromophore (~5.4 ns) suggests that even in this case there is considerable PL quenching, possibly through some charge transfer route. The increase of the PBS-PFP-PDI photoluminescence intensity at surfactant concentrations above the cmc indicates deaggregation of polyelectrolyte within the initially formed polyelectrolyte-surfactant aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T Marques
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Reid OG, Malik JAN, Latini G, Dayal S, Kopidakis N, Silva C, Stingelin N, Rumbles G. The influence of solid-state microstructure on the origin and yield of long-lived photogenerated charge in neat semiconducting polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Dykstra TE, Hennebicq E, Beljonne D, Gierschner J, Claudio G, Bittner ER, Knoester J, Scholes GD. Conformational disorder and ultrafast exciton relaxation in PPV-family conjugated polymers. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:656-67. [PMID: 19105646 DOI: 10.1021/jp807249b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report combined experimental and theoretical studies of excitation relaxation in poly[2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), oligophenylenevinylene (OPV) molecules of varying length, and model PPV chains. We build on the paradigm that the basic characteristics of conjugated polymers are decided by conformational subunits defined by conjugation breaks caused by torsional disorder along the chain. The calculations reported here indicate that for conjugated polymers like those in the PPV family, these conformational subunits electronically couple to neighboring subunits, forming subtly delocalized collective states of nanoscale excitons that determine the polymer optical properties. We find that relaxation among these exciton states can lead to a decay of anisotropy on ultrafast time scales. Unlike in Forster energy transfer, the exciton does not necessarily translate over a large distance. Nonetheless, the disorder in the polymer chain means that even small changes in the exciton size or location has a significant effect on the relaxation pathway and therefore the anisotropy decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieneke E Dykstra
- Lash-Miller Chemical Laboratories, Institute for Optical Sciences and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
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10
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Sakamoto A, Nakamura O, Tasumi M. Picosecond Time-Resolved Polarized Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Photoexcited States and Their Dynamics in Oriented Poly(p-phenylenevinylene). J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16437-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp709641b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakamoto
- Materials Science Division, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakamura
- Materials Science Division, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tasumi
- Materials Science Division, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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11
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Saeki A, Seki S, Koizumi Y, Tagawa S. Dynamics of photogenerated charge carrier and morphology dependence in polythiophene films studied by in situ time-resolved microwave conductivity and transient absorption spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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van Beek R, Zoombelt AP, Jenneskens LW, van Walree CA, de Mello Donegá C, Veldman D, Janssen RAJ. Side Chain Mediated Electronic Contact between a Tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-ylidene-Appended Polythiophene and CdTe Quantum Dots. Chemistry 2006; 12:8075-83. [PMID: 16900542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The properties of a mixed CdTe quantum dot/tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-ylidene-functionalized polythiophene system are reported. This system was prepared by exposing trioctylphosphine (TOP)-capped CdTe quantum dots to the polythiophene in solution. Strong fluorescence emission quenching and shortening of the fluorescence emission lifetimes of both the polythiophene and the quantum dots occur when they are mixed, indicating the occurrence of photoinduced charge separation. Photoinduced absorption spectroscopy reveals a considerable decrease in the population of the polythiophene triplet excited state in the mixed system. These results demonstrate that between the quantum dots and the polythiophene there is both physical and electronic contact, which is mediated by the tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-ylidene side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick van Beek
- Debye Institute, Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Excited state dynamics of a conformationally disordered conjugated polymer: A comparison of solutions and film. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Frankevich E, Müller JG, Lemmer U. Interaction of intermediate excited states and formation of free charge carriers under laser excitation of a conjugated polymer. Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(02)00685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Seixas de Melo J, Silva LM, Kuroda M. Photophysical and theoretical studies of naphthalene-substituted oligothiophenes. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1397310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Zerza G, Röthler B, Sariciftci NS, Gómez R, Segura JL, Martín N. Photophysical Properties and Optoelectronic Device Applications of a Novel Naphthalene−Vinylene Type Conjugated Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0021852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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18
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Candeias LP, Wildeman J, Hadziioannou G, Warman JM. Pulse Radiolysis−Optical Absorption Studies on the Triplet States of p-Phenylenevinylene Oligomers in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000709s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis P. Candeias
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Interfaculty Reactor Institute, TU-Delft, 2629 JB, The Netherlands, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Wildeman
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Interfaculty Reactor Institute, TU-Delft, 2629 JB, The Netherlands, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Interfaculty Reactor Institute, TU-Delft, 2629 JB, The Netherlands, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John M. Warman
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Interfaculty Reactor Institute, TU-Delft, 2629 JB, The Netherlands, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Phase–modulation measurements of photoinduced infrared absorptions from poly(p-phenylene) and poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene). J Mol Struct 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(99)00436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Burrows HD, Miguel MDG, Monkman AP, Horsburgh LE, Hamblett I, Navaratnam S. Pulse radiolysis studies on charge carriers in conjugated polymers. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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21
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Chen LX, Jäger WJH, Niemczyk MP, Wasielewski MR. Effects of π-Conjugation Attenuation on the Photophysics and Exciton Dynamics of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Polymers Incorporating 2,2‘-Bipyridines. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin X. Chen
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4831, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Wighard J. H. Jäger
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4831, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Mark P. Niemczyk
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4831, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4831, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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Frolov S, Lane P, Ozaki M, Yoshino K, Vardeny Z. Picosecond to millisecond photoexcitation dynamics in blends of C60 with poly(p-phenylene vinylene) polymers. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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23
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24
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Cha YH, Furukawa Y, Tasumi M, Noguchi T, Ohnishi T. Analysis of the intensity and phase delay of photoinduced infrared absorption from poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene). Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Cha YH, Furukawa Y, Tasumi M, Noguchi T, Ohnishi T. Photoinduced infrared absorptions from conjugated polymers with nondegenerate ground states. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Lane PA, Wei X, Vardeny ZV. Studies of Charged Excitations in pi -Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers by Optical Modulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1544-1547. [PMID: 10063105 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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