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Hu P, Chen L, Kang X, Chen S. Surface Functionalization of Metal Nanoparticles by Conjugated Metal-Ligand Interfacial Bonds: Impacts on Intraparticle Charge Transfer. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2251-2260. [PMID: 27690382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles represent a unique class of functional nanomaterials with physical and chemical properties that deviate markedly from those of their atomic and bulk forms. In order to stabilize the nanoparticles and further manipulate the materials properties, surface functionalization with organic molecules has been utilized as a powerful tool. Among those, mercapto derivatives have been used extensively as the ligands of choice for nanoparticle surface functionalization by taking advantage of the strong affinity of thiol moieties to transition metal surfaces forming (polar) metal-thiolate linkages. Yet, the nanoparticle material properties are generally discussed within the context of the two structural components, the metal cores and the organic capping layers, whereas the impacts of the metal-sulfur interfacial bonds are largely ignored because of the lack of interesting chemistry. In recent years, it has been found that metal nanoparticles may also be functionalized by stable metal-carbon (or even -nitrogen) covalent bonds. Because of the formation of dπ-pπ interactions between the transition-metal nanoparticles and terminal carbon moieties, the interfacial resistance at the metal-ligand interface is markedly reduced, leading to the emergence of unprecedented optical and electronic properties. In this Account, we summarize recent progress in the studies of metal nanoparticles functionalized by conjugated metal-ligand interfacial bonds that include metal-carbene (M═C) and metal-acetylide (M-C≡)/metal-vinylidene (M═C═C) bonds. Such interfacial bonds are readily formed by ligand self-assembly onto nanoparticle metal cores. The resulting nanoparticles exhibit apparent intraparticle charge delocalization between the particle-bound functional moieties, leading to the emergence of optical and electronic properties that are analogous to those of their dimeric counterparts, as manifested in spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. This is first highlighted by ferrocene-functionalized nanoparticles that exhibit nanoparticle-mediated intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) among the particle-bound ferrocenyl moieties, as manifested in electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements. Such intraparticle charge delocalization has also been observed with other functional moieties such as pyrene and anthracene, where the photoluminescence emissions are consistent with those of their dimeric derivatives. Importantly, as such electronic communication occurs via a through-bond pathway, it may be readily manipulated by the valence states of the nanoparticle cores as well as specific binding of selective molecules/ions to the organic capping shells. These fundamental insights may be exploited for diverse applications, ranging from chemical sensing to (nano)electronics and fuel cell electrochemistry. Several examples are included, such as sensitive detection of nitroaromatic derivatives, metal cations, and fluoride anions by fluorophore-functionalized metal nanoparticles, fabrication of nanoparticle-bridged molecular dyads by, for instance, using nanoparticles cofunctionalized with 4-ethynyl-N,N-diphenyl-aniline (electron donor) and 9-vinylanthracene (electron acceptor), and enhanced electrocatalytic activity of acetylene derivatives-functionalized metal/alloy nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction by manipulation of the metal core electron density and hence interactions with reaction intermediates. We conclude this Account with a perspective where inspiration from conventional organometallic chemistry may be exploited for more complicated nanoparticle surface functionalization through the formation of diverse metal-nonmetal bonds. This is a unique platform for ready manipulation of nanoparticle properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguang Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High
Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Limei Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High
Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Xiongwu Kang
- New
Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High
Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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Chung YH, Kim SJ, Chung DY, Lee MJ, Jang JH, Sung YE. Tuning the oxygen reduction activity of the Pt–Ni nanoparticles upon specific anion adsorption by varying heat treatment atmospheres. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:13726-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Balbuena PB, Callejas-Tovar R, Hirunsit P, Martínez de la Hoz JM, Ma Y, Ramírez-Caballero GE. Evolution of Pt and Pt-Alloy Catalytic Surfaces Under Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Medium. Top Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Benedek G, Bernasconi M, Chis V, Chulkov E, Echenique PM, Hellsing B, Peter Toennies J. Theory of surface phonons at metal surfaces: recent advances. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:084020. [PMID: 21389396 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of the surface dynamics of Al(001) and Cu(111) based on density functional perturbation theory have substantiated the existence of subsurface optical phonon resonances of all three polarizations, thus confirming early predictions of the embedded-atom method. The hybridization of the shear-vertical optical resonance with the longitudinal acoustic phonon branch accounts for the ubiquitous anomalous acoustic resonance as an intrinsic feature of metal surfaces. The DFPT calculation of the phonon-induced surface charge density oscillations shows that helium atom scattering spectroscopy (HAS) can indeed probe subsurface resonances. This opens new perspectives to HAS for the measurement of subsurface phonon dispersion curves in thin films, as proved by recent HAS studies on Pb and Fe ultrathin films on copper. After discussing these recent advances, this paper briefly reviews other important trends of surface dynamics expressed in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benedek
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20125 Milano, Italy. Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain. Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganization, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Ramírez-Caballero GE, Ma Y, Callejas-Tovar R, Balbuena PB. Surface segregation and stability of core–shell alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in acid medium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2209-18. [DOI: 10.1039/b917899f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chis V, Hellsing B, Benedek G, Bernasconi M, Chulkov EV, Toennies JP. Large surface charge density oscillations induced by subsurface phonon resonances. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:206102. [PMID: 19113358 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.206102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A density functional perturbation theory study of Cu(111) surface dynamics and phonon-induced surface charge density (SCD) oscillations shows that the subsurface phonon resonances such as S3, first predicted by embedded-atom methods, trigger large SCD charge-density oscillations, thus explaining the large helium atom scattering intensity from the anomalous longitudinal resonance found in most metal surfaces. The strong coupling between certain phonons and SCD oscillations is shown to have implications in inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy and other manifestations of electron-phonon interactions at metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chis
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Fysikgården 6B, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Zhou WP, Lewera A, Larsen R, Masel RI, Bagus PS, Wieckowski A. Size Effects in Electronic and Catalytic Properties of Unsupported Palladium Nanoparticles in Electrooxidation of Formic Acid. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:13393-8. [PMID: 16821860 DOI: 10.1021/jp061690h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry (CA) study of formic acid electrooxidation on unsupported palladium nanoparticle catalysts in the particle size range from 9 to 40 nm. The CV and CA measurements show that the most active catalyst is made of the smallest (9 and 11 nm) Pd nanoparticles. Besides the high reactivity, XPS data show that such nanoparticles display the highest core-level binding energy (BE) shift and the highest valence band (VB) center downshift with respect to the Fermi level. We believe therefore that we found a correlation between formic acid oxidation current and BE and VB center shifts, which, in turn, can directly be related to the electronic structure of palladium nanoparticles of different particle sizes. Clearly, such a trend using unsupported catalysts has never been reported. According to the density functional theory of heterogeneous catalysis, and mechanistic considerations, the observed shifts are caused by a weakening of the bond strength of the COOH intermediate adsorption on the catalyst surface. This, in turn, results in the increase in the formic acid oxidation rate to CO2 (and in the associated oxidation current). Overall, our measurements demonstrate the particle size effect on the electronic properties of palladium that yields different catalytic activity in the HCOOH oxidation reaction. Our work highlights the significance of the core-level binding energy and center of the d-band shifts in electrocatalysis and underlines the value of the theory that connects the center of the d-band shifts to catalytic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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Fernández-García M, Martínez-Arias A, Hanson JC, Rodriguez JA. Nanostructured Oxides in Chemistry: Characterization and Properties. Chem Rev 2004; 104:4063-104. [PMID: 15352786 DOI: 10.1021/cr030032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-García
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie s/n, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Hammer B, Nørskov J. Theoretical surface science and catalysis—calculations and concepts. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(02)45013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1242] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Cavigliasso G, Chong DP. Accurate density-functional calculation of core-electron binding energies by a total-energy difference approach. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Liu G, St. Clair TP, Goodman DW. An XPS Study of the Interaction of Ultrathin Cu Films with Pd(111). J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - T. P. St. Clair
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - D. W. Goodman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
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Muller DA. Why changes in bond lengths and cohesion lead to core-level shifts in metals, and consequences for the spatial difference method. Ultramicroscopy 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3991(99)00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ganduglia-Pirovano MV, Natoli V, Cohen MH, Kudrnovsk J, Turek I. Potential, core-level, and d band shifts at transition-metal surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:8892-8898. [PMID: 9984570 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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