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Özdoğan H, Üncü YA, Şekerci M, Kaplan A. Neural network predictions of (α,n) reaction cross sections at 18.5±3 MeV using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 204:111115. [PMID: 38006780 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent developments, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have demonstrated their capability to predict reaction cross-sections based on experimental data. Specifically, for predicting (α,n) reaction cross-sections, we meticulously fine-tuned the neural network's performance by optimizing its parameters through the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The effectiveness of this approach is corroborated by notable correlation coefficients; an R-value of 0.90928 for overall correlation, 0.98194 for validation, 0.99981 for testing, and 0.94116 for the comprehensive network prediction. We conducted a rigorous comparison between the results and theoretical computations derived from the TALYS 1.95 nuclear code to validate the predictive accuracy. The mean square error value for artificial neural network results is 7620.92, whereas for TALYS 1.95 calculations, it has been found to be 50,312.74. This comprehensive evaluation process validates the reliability of the ANN based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm in approximating the reaction sections, thus demonstrating its potential for comprehensive investigations. These recent developments confirm the feasibility of using ANN models to gain insight into (α,n) reaction cross-sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Özdoğan
- Antalya Bilim University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, 07190, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Yiğit Ali Üncü
- Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Equipment Technology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mert Şekerci
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kaplan
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
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2
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Canbula D, Canbula B. Investigation of charged-particle induced reactions on 27Al up to 100 MeV leading to the formation of 22Na and 24Na. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies using theoretical models are of great importance for understanding of reaction process and its nature. In this study, nuclear level density model calculations of the cross sections of 27Al are investigated by using TALYS 1.96 computer code. The cross section calculations of 27Al(α,x)22Na, 27Al(α,x)24Na, 27Al(3He,x)22Na, 27Al(3He,x)24Na, 27Al(p,x)22Na and 27Al(p,x)24Na reactions were carried out for incident particle energy up to 100 MeV. In these calculations, four nuclear level density models, namely constant temperature model (CTM), back-shifted Fermi gas model (BSFGM), generalized superfluid model (GSM) and recently proposed semi-classical Fermi gas model (CSCFGM) are used. This model is developed using the simplest model BSFGM. The most obvious difference between CSCFGM and other models is the inclusion of the collective effects in the base of the formulation. The predicted results are discussed and compared with each other and the available experimental data taken from EXFOR library. In order to better evaluate the model results, chi-squared values are calculated and compared with each other for all analyzed reactions. According to the chi-squared results, CSCFGM gives closer predictions to the experimental data compared with the other models in 4 of the 6 analyzed reactions. Therefore, in this study, it is presented that this model can be reliably used in the reaction cross section calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Canbula
- Department of Alternative Energy Resources Technology , Manisa Technical Sciences Vocational School, Manisa Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Türkiye
| | - Bora Canbula
- Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty , Manisa Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Türkiye
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3
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Naskar N, Lahiri S. Separation of no-carrier-added 71,72As from 46 MeV alpha particle irradiated gallium oxide target. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
No-carrier-added (NCA) 71,72As radionuclides were produced by irradiating gallium oxide target by 46 MeV α-particles. NCA 71,72As was separated from the target matrix by liquid-liquid extraction (LLX) using trioctyl amine (TOA) and tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (aliquat-336) diluted in cyclohexane. The bulk gallium was quantitatively extracted into the organic phase leaving 71,72As in the aqueous phase. Complete separation was observed at 3 M HCl + 0.1 M TOA and 2 M HCl + 0.01 M aliquat-336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Naskar
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar , Kolkata , 700064 , India
| | - Susanta Lahiri
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar , Kolkata , 700064 , India
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Kumar K, Ghosh A. Radiochemistry, Production Processes, Labeling Methods, and ImmunoPET Imaging Pharmaceuticals of Iodine-124. Molecules 2021; 26:E414. [PMID: 33466827 PMCID: PMC7830191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are known to have high specificity and affinity for receptors associated with tumors and other pathological conditions. However, the large biomolecules have relatively intermediate to long circulation half-lives (>day) and tumor localization times. Combining superior target specificity of mAbs and high sensitivity and resolution of the PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging technique has created a paradigm-shifting imaging modality, ImmunoPET. In addition to metallic PET radionuclides, 124I is an attractive radionuclide for radiolabeling of mAbs as potential immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals due to its physical properties (decay characteristics and half-life), easy and routine production by cyclotrons, and well-established methodologies for radioiodination. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, production processes of 124I, various 124I-labeling methodologies for large biomolecules, mAbs, and the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for various cancer targets in preclinical and clinical environments. A summary of several production processes, including 123Te(d,n)124I, 124Te(d,2n)124I, 121Sb(α,n)124I, 123Sb(α,3n)124I, 123Sb(3He,2n)124I, natSb(α, xn)124I, natSb(3He,n)124I reactions, a detailed overview of the 124Te(p,n)124I reaction (including target selection, preparation, processing, and recovery of 124I), and a fully automated process that can be scaled up for GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) production of large quantities of 124I is provided. Direct, using inorganic and organic oxidizing agents and enzyme catalysis, and indirect, using prosthetic groups, 124I-labeling techniques have been discussed. Significant research has been conducted, in more than the last two decades, in the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for target-specific cancer detection. Details of preclinical and clinical evaluations of the potential 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Imaging Pharmaceuticals, The Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA;
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Sanders VA, Cutler CS. Radioarsenic: A promising theragnostic candidate for nuclear medicine. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:184-201. [PMID: 32376084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a non-invasive process that enables the visualization, characterization, and quantitation of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level. With the emergence of theragnostic agents to diagnose and treat disease for personalized medicine there is a growing need for matched pairs of isotopes. Matched pairs offer the unique opportunity to obtain patient specific information from SPECT or PET diagnostic studies to quantitate in vivo function or receptor density to inform and tailor therapeutic treatment. There are several isotopes of arsenic that have emissions suitable for either or both diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy. Their half-lives are long enough to pair them with peptides and antibodies which take longer to reach maximum uptake to facilitate improved patient pharmacokinetics and dosimetry then can be obtained with shorter lived radionuclides. Arsenic-72 even offers availability from a generator that can be shipped to remote sites and thus enhances availability. Arsenic has a long history as a diagnostic agent, but until recently has suffered from limited availability, lack of suitable chelators, and concerns about toxicity have inhibited its use in nuclear medicine. However, new production methods and novel chelators are coming online and the use of radioarsenic in the pico and nanomolar scale is well below the limits associated with toxicity. This manuscript will review the production routes, separation chemistry, radiolabeling techniques and in vitro/in vivo studies of three medically relevant isotopes of arsenic (arsenic-74, arsenic-72, and arsenic-77).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Sanders
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Cathy S Cutler
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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6
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DeGraffenreid AJ, Medvedev DG, Phelps TE, Gott MD, Smith SV, Jurisson SS, Cutler CS. Cross-section measurements and production of 72Se with medium to high energy protons using arsenic containing targets. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Experiments were performed to evaluate production of 72Se, parent radionuclide of the positron emitter 72As, at high energy at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP). Excitation functions for 75As(p, xn)72/75Se in the 52-105 MeV energy range were measured by irradiating thin gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers. Maximum cross section value for the natAs(p, 4n)72Se reaction in the energy range was 103±9 mb at 52±1 MeV. Production size GaAs and arsenic metal (As°) targets were irradiated with 136 μA and 165 μA beam current possessing an initial Linac energy of 117 MeV. A total of 3.77±0.1 GBq (102±3 mCi) of 72Se was produced from a GaAs target at a calculated target entrance energy of 105.4 MeV, and 13.8±0.3 GBq (373±8 mCi) of 72Se from an As° target at a calculated incident energy of 49.5 MeV irradiated for 116.5 h and 68.9 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitri G. Medvedev
- Collider Accelerator Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, NY 11973 , USA
| | - Timothy E. Phelps
- Department of Chemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65211 , USA
| | - Matthew D. Gott
- Department of Chemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65211 , USA
| | - Suzanne V. Smith
- Collider Accelerator Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, NY 11973 , USA
| | - Silvia S. Jurisson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65211 , USA
| | - Cathy S. Cutler
- Collider Accelerator Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, NY 11973 , USA
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7
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Nikjou A, Sadeghi M. Overview and evaluation of different nuclear level density models for the 123I radionuclide production. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 136:45-58. [PMID: 29459330 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The 123I radionuclide (T1/2 = 13.22 h, β+ = 100%) is one of the most potent gamma emitters for nuclear medicine. In this study, the cyclotron production of this radionuclide via different nuclear reactions namely, the 121Sb(α,2n), 122Te(d,n), 123Te(p,n), 124Te(p,2n), 124Xe(p,2n), 127I(p,5n) and 127I(d,6n) were investigated. The effect of the various phenomenological nuclear level density models such as Fermi gas model (FGM), Back-shifted Fermi gas model (BSFGM), Generalized superfluid model (GSM) and Enhanced generalized superfluid model (EGSM) moreover, the three microscopic level density models were evaluated for predicting of cross sections and production yield predictions. The SRIM code was used to obtain the target thickness. The 123I excitation function of reactions were calculated by using of the TALYS-1.8, EMPIRE-3.2 nuclear codes and with data which taken from TENDL-2015 database, and finally the theoretical calculations were compared with reported experimental measurements in which taken from EXFOR database.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nikjou
- Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Sadeghi
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medicine Science, P.O. Box: 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Qaim SM, Spahn I, Scholten B, Neumaier B. Uses of alpha particles, especially in nuclear reaction studies and medical radionuclide production. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2015-2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alpha particles exhibit three important characteristics: scattering, ionisation and activation. This article briefly discusses those properties and outlines their major applications. Among others, α-particles are used in elemental analysis, investigation and improvement of materials properties, nuclear reaction studies and medical radionuclide production. The latter two topics, dealing with activation of target materials, are treated in some detail in this paper. Measurements of excitation functions of α-particle induced reactions shed some light on their reaction mechanisms, and studies of isomeric cross sections reveal the probability of population of high-spin nuclear levels. Regarding medical radionuclides, an overview is presented of the isotopes commonly produced using α-particle beams. Consideration is also given to some routes which could be potentially useful for production of a few other radionuclides. The significance of α-particle induced reactions to produce a few high-spin isomeric states, decaying by emission of low-energy conversion or Auger electrons, which are of interest in localized internal radiotherapy, is outlined. The α-particle beam, thus broadens the scope of nuclear chemistry research related to development of non-standard positron emitters and therapeutic radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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9
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Azizakram H, Sadeghi M, Ashtari P, Zolfagharpour F. An overview of (124)I production at a medical cyclotron by ALICE/ASH, EMPIRE-3.2.2 and TALYS-1.6 codes. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 112:147-55. [PMID: 27060194 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Excitation functions of proton, deuteron and alpha induced nuclear reactions on enriched tellurium and antimony isotopes and also natural antimony were calculated by ALICE/ASH, EMPIRE-3.2.2 and TALYS-1.6 nuclear codes. Therefrom, the production yield of (124)I nuclide and its formed impurities were calculated by using the evaluation results. The calculated cross sections were compared with available experimental values in literatures. According to results, (124)Te(p,n)(124)I reaction is the method of choice due to formation of higher amount of (124)I nuclide and low levels of (125)I as an major concern in (124)I production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Azizakram
- Department of Physics, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sadeghi
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box: 14395-836, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parviz Ashtari
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box: 14395-836, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Zolfagharpour
- Department of Physics, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
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10
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Braghirolli AMS, Waissmann W, da Silva JB, dos Santos GR. Production of iodine-124 and its applications in nuclear medicine. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 90:138-48. [PMID: 24747530 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, iodine-124 was not considered to be an attractive isotope for medical applications owing to its complex radioactive decay scheme, which includes several high-energy gamma rays. However, its unique chemical properties, and convenient half-life of 4.2 days indicated it would be only a matter of time for its frequent application to become a reality. The development of new medical imaging techniques, especially improvements in the technology of positron emission tomography (PET), such as the development of new detectors and signal processing electronics, has opened up new prospects for its application. With the increasing use of PET in medical oncology, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism, (124)I-labeled radiopharmaceuticals are now becoming one of the most useful tools for PET imaging, and owing to the convenient half-life of I-124, they can be used in PET scanners far away from the radionuclide production site. Thus far, the limited availability of this radionuclide has been an impediment to its wider application in clinical use. For example, sodium [(124)I]-iodide is potentially useful for diagnosis and dosimetry in thyroid disease and [(124)I]-M-iodobenzylguanidine ([(124)I]-MIBG) has enormous potential for use in cardiovascular imaging, diagnosis, and dosimetry of malignant diseases such as neuroblastoma, paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, and carcinoids. However, despite that potential, both are still not widely used. This is a typical scenario of a rising new star among the new PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria S Braghirolli
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, IEN-CNEN, Divisão de Radiofármacos, Rua Hélio de Almeida 75, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-906 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - William Waissmann
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Sáúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, RJ, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Batista da Silva
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, CDTN-CNEN, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus UFMG, Pampulha, BH/MG CEP: 30161-970, Brazil.
| | - Gonçalo R dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, IEN-CNEN, Divisão de Radiofármacos, Rua Hélio de Almeida 75, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-906 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Pre-equilibrium effects on proton, deuteron, and alpha induced reactions for the production of 72As as a PET imaging radioisotope. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Uddin MS, Hermanne A, Sudár S, Aslam MN, Scholten B, Coenen HH, Qaim SM. Excitation functions of α-particle induced reactions on enriched 123Sb and (nat)Sb for production of 124I. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 69:699-704. [PMID: 21227708 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Excitation functions of (α,xn) reactions on 98.28% enriched (123)Sb and on (nat)Sb were measured from 9 to 40 MeV. The data could be described well in terms of statistical and precompound models using the code TALYS. The discrepancies in the literature data for the formation of (125)I and (126)I were solved. The nuclear reaction (123)Sb(α,3n)(124)I on an enriched target appears to be interesting for the production of (124)I (T(1/2)=4.18 d) over the energy range E(α)=42→32 MeV, its yield being 11.7 MBq/μAh. The levels of the radionuclidic impurities (125)I and (126)I amount to 1.8% and 0.6%, respectively. The use of (nat)Sb as target material for (124)I production is unsuitable due to the high level of (123)I impurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Uddin
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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Excitation functions of 3He- and alpha-particle induced nuclear reactions on natSb for production of medically relevant 123I and 124I radioisotopes. Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 67:1001-6. [PMID: 19324559 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Excitation functions were measured using the stacked foil irradiation technique from threshold energies to 28 MeV for (3)He- and to 21 MeV for alpha-particle induced nuclear reactions on natural antimony leading to the formation of (121,123,124)I radioisotopes. The measured excitation functions were compared with the contradicting results of the earlier investigations found in the literature and with the curves predicted by the ALICE-IPPE and EMPIRE-II codes. Integral yields were also calculated and compared with the experimental thick target yields reported in the literature.
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Hassan KF, Qaim SM, Saleh ZA, Coenen HH. Alpha-particle induced reactions on natSb and 121Sb with particular reference to the production of the medically interesting radionuclide 124I. Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 64:101-9. [PMID: 16125943 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 06/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Excitation functions of the reactions (nat)Sb(alpha,xn)(123,124,125,126)I and (121)Sb(alpha,xn)(123,124)I were measured from their respective thresholds up to 26 MeV, with particular emphasis on data for the production of the medically important radionuclide (124)I. The conventional stacked-foil technique was used, and the samples for irradiation were prepared by a sedimentation process. The measured excitation curves were compared with the data available in the literature. From the experimental data the theoretical yields of the investigated radionuclides were calculated as a function of the alpha-particle energy. The calculated yield of (124)I from the (nat)Sb(alpha,xn)(124)I process over the energy range E(alpha) = 22-->13 MeV amounts to 1.02 MBq/microA x h and from the (121)Sb(alpha,n)(124)I reaction over the same energy range to 2.11 MBq/microA x h. The radionuclidic impurity levels are discussed. Use of (nat)Sb as target material would not lead to high-purity (124)I. Using highly enriched (121)Sb as target, production of (124)I of high radionuclidic purity is possible; the batch yield, however, is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hassan
- Institut für Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Guin R, Saha SK, Prakash S, Uhl M. Isomeric yield ratios and excitation functions in alpha -induced reactions on 107,109Ag. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1992; 46:250-257. [PMID: 9968104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.46.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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