1
|
Csernai LP, Kapusta JI, McLerran LD. Strongly interacting low-viscosity matter created in relativistic nuclear collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:152303. [PMID: 17155323 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.152303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Substantial collective flow is observed in collisions between large nuclei at BNL RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) as evidenced by single-particle transverse momentum distributions and by azimuthal correlations among the produced particles. The data are well reproduced by perfect fluid dynamics. A calculation of the dimensionless ratio of shear viscosity eta to entropy density s by Kovtun, Son, and Starinets within anti-de Sitter space/conformal field theory yields eta/s=variant Planck's over 2pi/4pikB, which has been conjectured to be a lower bound for any physical system. Motivated by these results, we show that the transition from hadrons to quarks and gluons has behavior similar to helium, nitrogen, and water at and near their phase transitions in the ratio eta/s. We suggest that experimental measurements can pinpoint the location of this transition or rapid crossover in QCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo P Csernai
- Section for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pak R, Bjarki O, Hannuschke SA, Lacey RA, Lauret J, Llope WJ, Nadasen A, Stone NT, Westfall GD. Momentum dependence of the nuclear mean field from peripheral heavy-ion collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 54:2457-2462. [PMID: 9971601 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
3
|
Li BA, Ren Z, Ko CM, Yennello SJ. Isospin dependence of collective flow in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:4492-4495. [PMID: 10061305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
4
|
Pak R, Llope WJ, Craig D, Gualtieri EE, Hannuschke SA, Lacey RA, Lauret J, Mignerey AC, Russ DE, Stone NT, Westfall GD, Yee J. Impact parameter dependence of the disappearance of transverse flow in nuclear collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:R1469-R1472. [PMID: 9971176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.r1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
5
|
Zhang WM, Madey R, Schambach J, Elaasar M, Keane D, Anderson BD, Baldwin AR, Watson JW, Westfall GD, Krebs G, Weiman H, Zhang J, Gale C. Neutrons from multiplicity-selected Au-Au collisions at 150A, 250A, 400A, and 650A MeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:2643-2651. [PMID: 9970795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
6
|
Wilson WK, Bauer W, Cebra D, Cronqvist M, Krofcheck D, Lacey R, Li T, Nadasen A, Norbeck E, Reposeur T, Ogilvie CA, Westfall GD, Winfield JS, Yee J. Azimuthal distributions and collective motion in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 51:3136-3147. [PMID: 9970415 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.51.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
7
|
Soff S, Bass SA, Hartnack C, Stöcker H, Greiner W. Disappearance of flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 51:3320-3325. [PMID: 9970435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.51.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
8
|
Zhou H, Li Z, Zhuo Y. Momentum dependent Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck calculation of mass dependence of the flow disappearance in heavy-ion collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1994; 50:R2664-R2667. [PMID: 9970029 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.r2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
9
|
Li BA. In-medium cross section and disappearance of flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 48:2415-2418. [PMID: 9969098 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
10
|
Westfall GD, Bauer W, Craig D, Cronqvist M, Gaultieri E, Hannuschke S, Klakow D, Li T, Reposeur T, Wilson WK, Winfield JS, Yee J, Yennello SJ, Lacey R, Elmaani A, Lauret J, Nadasen A, Norbeck E. Mass dependence of the disappearance of flow in nuclear collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:1986-1989. [PMID: 10054554 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
11
|
Badal A, Barbera R, Palmeri A, Pappalardo GS, Riggi F. Breakup of the projectile in 16O-induced reactions on 27Al, 58Ni, and 197Au targets around 100 MeV/nucleon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 48:633-646. [PMID: 9968875 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
12
|
Khan F, Townsend LW, Tripathi RK, Cucinotta FA. Universal characteristics of transverse momentum transfer in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 48:926-928. [PMID: 9968909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A microscopic optical model formalism for estimating momentum transfer in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions predicts universal behavior of the transverse component. In particular, for symmetric systems (Ap = AT) heavier than niobium, it appears that values of P perpendicular/A are independent of the mass and charge of the colliding nuclei and vary only with impact parameter and incident beam energy. This suggests that momentum transfer per nucleon saturates to some limiting value with increasing mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Khan
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsang MB, Bowman DR, Carlin N, Danielewicz P, Gelbke CK, Gong WG, Kim YD, Lynch WG, Phair L, Zhu F. Multiplicity dependence of azimuthal distributions for 36Ar+197Au collisions at E/A=35 MeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 47:2717-2730. [PMID: 9968747 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.47.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
14
|
Xu HM. Disappearance of rotation in heavy-ion collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 47:891-894. [PMID: 9968511 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.47.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
15
|
Krofcheck D, Bauer W, Crawley GM, Howden S, Ogilvie CA, Westfall GD, Wilson WK, Tickle RS, Djalali C, Gale C. Disappearance of flow as a probe of the nuclear equation of state. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1992; 46:1416-1424. [PMID: 9968249 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.46.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
16
|
Xu HM. Disappearance of flow and the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1992; 46:R389-R392. [PMID: 9968187 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.46.r389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
17
|
Wilson WK, Lacey R, Ogilvie CA, Westfall GD. Reaction plane determination using azimuthal correlations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1992; 45:738-747. [PMID: 9967809 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.45.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
18
|
Xu HM. Disappearance of flow in intermediate-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 67:2769-2772. [PMID: 10044550 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
19
|
Tsang MB, Kim YD, Bowman DR, Carlin N, Gelbke CK, Gong WG, Lynch WG, Phair L, Zhu F. Reaction plane determination for 36Ar+197Au collisions at E/A=35 MeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1991; 44:2065-2081. [PMID: 9967630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.44.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
20
|
Wilson WK, Cebra D, Howden S, Karn J, Krofcheck D, Lacey R, Li T, Nadasen A, Reposeur T, Ogilvie CA, Westfall GD, Winfield JS. Mean field deflection in peripheral heavy-ion collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1991; 43:2696-2703. [PMID: 9967332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.43.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|