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YAMADA S, NAGAKURA H, AKAHO R, HARADA A, FURUSAWA S, IWAKAMI W, OKAWA H, MATSUFURU H, SUMIYOSHI K. Physical mechanism of core-collapse supernovae that neutrinos drive. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:190-233. [PMID: 38462501 PMCID: PMC11105976 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The current understanding of the mechanism of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), one of the most energetic events in the universe associated with the death of massive stars and the main formation channel of compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes, is reviewed for broad readers from different disciplines of science who may not be familiar with the object. Therefore, we emphasize the physical aspects than the results of individual model simulations, although large-scale high-fidelity simulations have played the most important roles in the progress we have witnessed in the past few decades. It is now believed that neutrinos are the most important agent in producing the commonest type of CCSNe. The so-called neutrino-heating mechanism will be the focus of this review and its crucial ingredients in micro- and macrophysics and in numerics will be explained one by one. We will also try to elucidate the remaining issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi YAMADA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki NAGAKURA
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro AKAHO
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira HARADA
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shun FURUSAWA
- College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wakana IWAKAMI
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotada OKAWA
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo MATSUFURU
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohsuke SUMIYOSHI
- National Institute of Technology, Numazu College, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Monte Carlo methods rely on sequences of random numbers to obtain solutions to many problems in science and engineering. In this work, we evaluate the performance of different pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) of the Curand library on a number of modern Nvidia GPU cards. As a numerical test, we generate pseudo-random number (PRN) sequences and obtain non-uniform distributions using the acceptance-rejection method. We consider GPU, CPU, and hybrid CPU/GPU implementations. For the GPU, we additionally consider two different implementations using the host and device application programming interfaces (API). We study how the performance depends on implementation parameters, including the number of threads per block and the number of blocks per streaming multiprocessor. To achieve the fastest performance, one has to minimize the time consumed by PRNG seed setup and state update. The duration of seed setup time increases with the number of threads, while PRNG state update decreases. Hence, the fastest performance is achieved by the optimal balance of these opposing effects.
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