1
|
Effects of a Geometrically Realized Early Dark Energy Era on the Spectrum of Primordial Gravitational Waves. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effects of a geometrically generated early dark energy era on the energy spectrum of the primordial gravitational waves. The early dark energy era, which we choose to have a constant equation of state parameter w, is synergistically generated by an appropriate f(R) gravity in the presence of matter and radiation perfect fluids. As we demonstrate, the predicted signal for the energy spectrum of the f(R) primordial gravitational waves is amplified and can be detectable, for various reheating temperatures, especially for large reheating temperatures. The signal amplitude depends on the duration of the early dark energy era and on the value of the dark energy equation of state parameter, with the latter affecting more crucially the amplification. Specifically, the amplification occurs when the equation of state parameter approaches the de Sitter value w=−1. Regarding the duration of the early dark energy era, we find that the largest amplification occurs when the early dark energy era commences at temperature T=0.85 eV until T=7.8 eV. Moreover, we study a similar scenario in which amplification occurs, where the early dark energy era commences at T=0.29 eV and lasts until the temperature is increased by ΔT∼1.7 eV. The discovery of primordial gravitational waves will reveal if several symmetries in the Universe exist or not so this work is important toward revealing the primordial gravitational waves.
Collapse
|
2
|
Spectrum of Primordial Gravitational Waves in Modified Gravities: A Short Overview. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we shall exhaustively study the effects of modified gravity on the energy spectrum of the primordial gravitational waves background. S. Weinberg has also produced significant works related to the primordial gravitational waves, with the most important one being the effects of neutrinos on primordial gravitational waves. With this short review, our main aim is to gather all the necessary information for studying the effects of modified gravity on primordial gravitational waves in a concrete and quantitative way and in a single paper. After reviewing all the necessary techniques for extracting the general relativistic energy spectrum, and how to obtain, in a WKB way, the modified gravity damping or amplifying factor, we concentrate on specific forms of modified gravity of interest. The most important parameter involved for the calculation of the effects of modified gravity on the energy spectrum is the parameter aM, which we calculate for the cases of f(R,ϕ) gravity, Chern–Simons-corrected f(R,ϕ) gravity, Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-corrected f(R,ϕ) gravity, and higher derivative extended Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-corrected f(R,ϕ) gravity. The exact form of aM is presented explicitly for the first time in the literature. With regard to Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-corrected f(R,ϕ) gravity, and higher derivative extended Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-corrected f(R,ϕ) gravity theories, we focus on the case in which the gravitational wave propagating speed is equal to that of light in a vacuum. We provide expressions for aM expressed in terms of the cosmic time and in terms of the redshift, which can be used directly for the numerical calculation of the effect of modified gravity on the primordial gravitational wave energy spectrum.
Collapse
|
3
|
Benetti M, Graef LL, Vagnozzi S. Primordial gravitational waves from NANOGrav: A broken power-law approach. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.105.043520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
4
|
Haque MR, Maity D, Paul T, Sriramkumar L. Decoding the phases of early and late time reheating through imprints on primordial gravitational waves. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.104.063513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
5
|
Cai Y, Piao YS. Intermittent null energy condition violations during inflation and primordial gravitational waves. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.103.083521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The NANOGrav pulsar timing array experiment reported evidence for a stochastic common-spectrum process affecting pulsar timing residuals in its 12.5-yr data set, which might be interpreted as the first detection of a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). I examine whether the NANOGrav signal might be explained by an inflationary SGWB, focusing on the implications for the tensor spectral index nT and the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Explaining NANOGrav while complying with upper limits on r from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck requires $r \gtrsim {\cal O}(10^{-6})$ in conjunction with an extremely blue tensor spectrum, 0.7 ≲ nT ≲ 1.3. After discussing models, which can realize such a blue spectrum, I show that this region of parameter space can be brought in agreement with big bang nucleosynthesis constraints for a sufficiently low reheating scale, $T_{\rm rh} \lesssim 100\, {\rm GeV} \!-\! 1\, {\rm TeV}$. With the important caveat of having assumed a power-law parametrization for the primordial tensor spectrum, an inflationary interpretation of the NANOGrav signal is therefore not excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Vagnozzi
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Romano JD, Cornish NJ. Detection methods for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds: a unified treatment. LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY 2017; 20:2. [PMID: 28690422 PMCID: PMC5478100 DOI: 10.1007/s41114-017-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We review detection methods that are currently in use or have been proposed to search for a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. We consider both Bayesian and frequentist searches using ground-based and space-based laser interferometers, spacecraft Doppler tracking, and pulsar timing arrays; and we allow for anisotropy, non-Gaussianity, and non-standard polarization states. Our focus is on relevant data analysis issues, and not on the particular astrophysical or early Universe sources that might give rise to such backgrounds. We provide a unified treatment of these searches at the level of detector response functions, detection sensitivity curves, and, more generally, at the level of the likelihood function, since the choice of signal and noise models and prior probability distributions are actually what define the search. Pedagogical examples are given whenever possible to compare and contrast different approaches. We have tried to make the article as self-contained and comprehensive as possible, targeting graduate students and new researchers looking to enter this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Romano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
| | - Neil. J. Cornish
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koh S, Lee BH, Tumurtushaa G. Primordial gravitational waves from the space-condensate inflation model. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.93.083518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Giovannini M. Stochastic backgrounds of relic gravitons: a theoretical appraisal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1186/1754-0410-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
Boyle LA, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Inflationary predictions for scalar and tensor fluctuations reconsidered. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:111301. [PMID: 16605810 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We reconsider the predictions of inflation for the spectral index of scalar (energy density) fluctuations (ns) and the tensor/scalar ratio (r) using a discrete, model-independent measure of the degree of fine-tuning required to obtain a given combination of (ns, r ). We find that, except for cases with numerous unnecessary degrees of fine-tuning, ns is less than 0.98, measurably different from exact Harrison-Zel'dovich. Furthermore, if ns >or= 0.95, in accord with current measurements, the tensor/scalar ratio satisfies r >or= 10(-2), a range that should be detectable in proposed cosmic microwave background polarization experiments and direct gravitational wave searches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latham A Boyle
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zibin JP, Scott D, White M. Limits on the gravity wave contribution to microwave anisotropies. Int J Clin Exp Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.60.123513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
12
|
Bar-Kana R. Limits on a stochastic background of gravitational waves from gravitational lensing. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 54:7138-7145. [PMID: 10020727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
13
|
Bunn EF, Liddle AR, White M. Four-year COBE normalization of inflationary cosmologies. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 54:R5917-R5921. [PMID: 10020664 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.r5917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
14
|
Lima JA. Graviton production in elliptical and hyperbolic universes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 54:6111-6121. [PMID: 10020616 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
15
|
Jungman G, Kamionkowski M, Kosowsky A, Spergel DN. Cosmological-parameter determination with microwave background maps. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 54:1332-1344. [PMID: 10020810 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
16
|
Turner MS, White M. Dependence of inflationary reconstruction upon cosmological parameters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:6822-6828. [PMID: 10019968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
17
|
Turner MS, Wang Y. Fast and accurate algorithm for computing tensor CBR anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:5727-5733. [PMID: 10019858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.5727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
18
|
White M. Cosmic confusion and structure formation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:3011-3016. [PMID: 10020298 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
19
|
Wang Y. Simple analytical methods for computing the gravity-wave contribution to the cosmic background radiation anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:639-644. [PMID: 10020044 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
20
|
Knox L. Determination of inflationary observables by cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1995; 52:4307-4318. [PMID: 10019658 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Ng KW, Speliotopoulos AD. Cosmological evolution of scale-invariant gravity waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1995; 52:2112-2117. [PMID: 10019429 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
23
|
Koranda S, Allen B. CBR anisotropy from inflation-induced gravitational waves in mixed radiation and dust cosmology. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1995; 52:1902-1919. [PMID: 10019412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
24
|
Hu W, Sugiyama N. Toward understanding CMB anisotropies and their implications. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1995; 51:2599-2630. [PMID: 10018735 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.51.2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
25
|
Knox L, Turner MS. Detectability of tensor perturbations through anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:3347-3350. [PMID: 10057358 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
26
|
Barrow JD. Cosmological graviton production in general relativity and related gravity theories. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 50:6262-6296. [PMID: 10017597 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.50.6262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
27
|
Kurki-Suonio H, Mathews GJ. Statistical constraints on the inflation effective potential from the COBE DMR results. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 50:5431-5434. [PMID: 10018197 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.50.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
28
|
Allen B, Koranda S. CBR anisotropy from primordial gravitational waves in inflationary cosmologies. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 50:3713-3737. [PMID: 10018015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.50.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
29
|
Bar-Kana R. Limits on direct detection of gravitational waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 50:1157-1160. [PMID: 10017813 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.50.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
30
|
Liddle AR, Turner MS. Second-order reconstruction of the inflationary potential. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 50:758-768. [PMID: 10017777 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.50.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
31
|
Liddle AR. Can the gravitational wave background from inflation be detected locally? PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 49:3805-3809. [PMID: 10017383 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.49.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
32
|
Atrio-Barandela F, Silk J. Cosmic microwave background temperature fluctuations and gravitational waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 49:1126-1129. [PMID: 10017076 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.49.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
33
|
Turner MS. Recovering the inflationary potential. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1993; 48:5539-5545. [PMID: 10016220 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.48.5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|