1
|
Echeverría-Huarte I, Telo da Gama MM, Araújo NAM. Influence of the frequency on undulatory swimming speed in granular media. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5583-5591. [PMID: 38973372 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00472h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Sand is a highly dissipative system, where the local spatial arrangements and densities depend strongly on the applied forces, resulting in fluid-like or solid-like behaviour. This makes sand swimming challenging and intriguing, raising questions about the nature of the motion and how to optimize the design of artificial swimmers able to swim in sand. Recent experiments suggest that lateral undulatory motion enables efficient locomotion, with a non-monotonic dependence of the swimming speed on the undulatory frequency and the height of the sediment bed. Here, we propose a 2D granular model, where the effect of the sediment height is modeled by an effective frictional force with the substrate. We show that the optimal frequency coincides with the second vibrational mode of the swimmer and explain the underlying mechanism through a characterization of the rheology of the medium. Potential implications in the design of artificial swimmers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Echeverría-Huarte
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Margarida M Telo da Gama
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Nuno A M Araújo
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Voigtländer A, Houssais M, Bacik KA, Bourg IC, Burton JC, Daniels KE, Datta SS, Del Gado E, Deshpande NS, Devauchelle O, Ferdowsi B, Glade R, Goehring L, Hewitt IJ, Jerolmack D, Juanes R, Kudrolli A, Lai CY, Li W, Masteller C, Nissanka K, Rubin AM, Stone HA, Suckale J, Vriend NM, Wettlaufer JS, Yang JQ. Soft matter physics of the ground beneath our feet. SOFT MATTER 2024. [PMID: 39012310 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The soft part of the Earth's surface - the ground beneath our feet - constitutes the basis for life and natural resources, yet a general physical understanding of the ground is still lacking. In this critical time of climate change, cross-pollination of scientific approaches is urgently needed to better understand the behavior of our planet's surface. The major topics in current research in this area cross different disciplines, spanning geosciences, and various aspects of engineering, material sciences, physics, chemistry, and biology. Among these, soft matter physics has emerged as a fundamental nexus connecting and underpinning many research questions. This perspective article is a multi-voice effort to bring together different views and approaches, questions and insights, from researchers that work in this emerging area, the soft matter physics of the ground beneath our feet. In particular, we identify four major challenges concerned with the dynamics in and of the ground: (I) modeling from the grain scale, (II) near-criticality, (III) bridging scales, and (IV) life. For each challenge, we present a selection of topics by individual authors, providing specific context, recent advances, and open questions. Through this, we seek to provide an overview of the opportunities for the broad Soft Matter community to contribute to the fundamental understanding of the physics of the ground, strive towards a common language, and encourage new collaborations across the broad spectrum of scientists interested in the matter of the Earth's surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Voigtländer
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Geomorphology, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Energy Geosciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Morgane Houssais
- Department of Physics, Clark University, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Karol A Bacik
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ian C Bourg
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) and High Meadows Environmental Institute (HMEI), Princeton University, E208 EQuad, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Justin C Burton
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Karen E Daniels
- North Carolina State University, 2401 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Sujit S Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Emanuela Del Gado
- Department of Physics, Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nakul S Deshpande
- North Carolina State University, 2401 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Olivier Devauchelle
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, 1 rue Jussieu, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Behrooz Ferdowsi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, jUniversity of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rachel Glade
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Department and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, 227 Hutchison Hall, P.O. Box 270221, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Lucas Goehring
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ian J Hewitt
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Douglas Jerolmack
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben Juanes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arshad Kudrolli
- Department of Physics, Clark University, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Ching-Yao Lai
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Stony Brook University, Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Claire Masteller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kavinda Nissanka
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Allan M Rubin
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jenny Suckale
- Computational and Mathematical Engineering, and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nathalie M Vriend
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John S Wettlaufer
- Departments of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Mathematics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judy Q Yang
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory and Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chang B, Kudrolli A. Nonadditive drag of tandem rods drafting in granular sediments. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:034901. [PMID: 35428077 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.034901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We examine the drag experienced by a pair of vertical rods moving in tandem through a granular bed immersed in a fluid as a function of their separation distance and speed. As in Newtonian fluids, the net drag experienced by the rods initially increases with distance from the value for a single rod before plateauing to twice the value. However, the drag acting on the two rods is remarkably different, with the leading rod experiencing roughly similar drag compared to a solitary rod, while the following rod experiences far less drag. The anomalous relationship of drag and the distance between the leading and following body is observed in both dry granular beds and while immersed in viscous Newtonian fluids across the quasistatic and the rate-dependent regimes. Through refractive index matching, we visualize the sediment flow past the two rods and show that a stagnant region develops in their reference frame between the rods for small separations. Thus, the following rod is increasingly shielded from the granular flow with decreasing separation distance, leading to a lower net drag. Care should be exercised in applying resistive force theory to multicomponent objects moving in granular sediments based on our result that drag is not additive at short separation distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chang
- Department of Physics, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA
| | - Arshad Kudrolli
- Department of Physics, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA
| |
Collapse
|