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Ling F, Essock-Burns T, McFall-Ngai M, Katija K, Nawroth JC, Kanso E. Flow Physics Explains Morphological Diversity of Ciliated Organs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.12.528181. [PMID: 38168341 PMCID: PMC10760039 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.12.528181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Organs that pump fluids by the coordinated beat of motile cilia through the lumen are integral to animal physiology. Such organs include the human airways, brain ventricles, and reproductive tracts. Although cilia organization and duct morphology vary drastically in the animal kingdom, ducts are typically classified as either carpet or flame designs. The reason behind this dichotomy and how duct design relates to fluid pumping remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that two structural parameters -- lumen diameter and cilia-to-lumen ratio -- organize the observed duct diversity into a continuous spectrum that connects carpets to flames across all animal phyla. Using a unified fluid model, we show that carpet and flame designs maximize flow rate and pressure generation, respectively. We propose that convergence of ciliated organ designs follows functional constraints rather than phylogenetic distance, along with universal design rules for ciliary pumps.
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Cui Z, Wang Y, den Toonder JMJ. Metachronal Motion of Biological and Artificial Cilia. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:198. [PMID: 38667209 PMCID: PMC11048255 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are slender, hair-like cell protrusions that are present ubiquitously in the natural world. They perform essential functions, such as generating fluid flow, propulsion, and feeding, in organisms ranging from protozoa to the human body. The coordinated beating of cilia, which results in wavelike motions known as metachrony, has fascinated researchers for decades for its role in functions such as flow generation and mucus transport. Inspired by nature, researchers have explored diverse materials for the fabrication of artificial cilia and developed several methods to mimic the metachronal motion observed in their biological counterparts. In this review, we will introduce the different types of metachronal motion generated by both biological and artificial cilia, the latter including pneumatically, photonically, electrically, and magnetically driven artificial cilia. Furthermore, we review the possible applications of metachronal motion by artificial cilia, focusing on flow generation, transport of mucus, particles, and droplets, and microrobotic locomotion. The overall aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive overview of the metachronal motions exhibited by diverse artificial cilia and the corresponding practical implementations. Additionally, we identify the potential future directions within this field. These insights present an exciting opportunity for further advancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (Z.C.); (Y.W.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (Z.C.); (Y.W.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (Z.C.); (Y.W.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Hickey DJ, Golestanian R, Vilfan A. Nonreciprocal interactions give rise to fast cilium synchronization in finite systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307279120. [PMID: 37756336 PMCID: PMC10556628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307279120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia beat in an asymmetric fashion in order to propel the surrounding fluid. When many cilia are located on a surface, their beating can synchronize such that their phases form metachronal waves. Here, we computationally study a model where each cilium is represented as a spherical particle, moving along a tilted trajectory with a position-dependent active driving force and a position-dependent internal drag coefficient. The model thus takes into account all the essential broken symmetries of the ciliary beat. We show that taking into account the near-field hydrodynamic interactions, the effective coupling between cilia even over an entire beating cycle can become nonreciprocal: The phase of a cilium is more strongly affected by an adjacent cilium on one side than by a cilium at the same distance in the opposite direction. As a result, synchronization starts from a seed at the edge of a group of cilia and propagates rapidly across the system, leading to a synchronization time that scales proportionally to the linear dimension of the system. We show that a ciliary carpet is characterized by three different velocities: the velocity of fluid transport, the phase velocity of metachronal waves, and the group velocity of order propagation. Unlike in systems with reciprocal coupling, boundary effects are not detrimental for synchronization, but rather enable the formation of the initial seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hickey
- Department of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Department of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Department of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Sedaghat MH, Behnia M, Abouali O. Nanoparticle Diffusion in Respiratory Mucus Influenced by Mucociliary Clearance: A Review of Mathematical Modeling. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023. [PMID: 37184652 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inhalation and deposition of particles in human airways have attracted considerable attention due to importance of particulate pollutants, transmission of infectious diseases, and therapeutic delivery of drugs at targeted areas. We summarize current state-of-the art research in particle deposition on airway surface liquid (ASL) influenced by mucociliary clearance (MCC) by identifying areas that need further investigation. Methodology: We aim to review focus on governing and constitutive equations describing MCC geometry followed by description of mathematical modeling of ciliary forces, mucus rheology properties, and numerical approaches to solve modified time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. We also review mathematical modeling of particle deposition in ASL influenced by MCC, particle transport in ASL in terms of Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches, and discuss the corresponding mass transport issues in this layer. Whenever required, numerical predictions are contrasted with the pertinent experimental data. Results: Results indicate that mean mucus and periciliary liquid velocities are strongly influenced by mucus rheological characteristics as well as ciliary abnormalities. However, most of the currently available literature on mucus fiber spacing, ciliary beat frequency, and particle surface chemistry is based on particle deposition on ASL by considering a fixed value of ASL velocity. The effects of real ASL flow regimes on particle deposition in this layer are limited. In addition, no other study is available on modeling nonhomogeneous and viscoelastic characteristics of mucus layer on ASL drug delivery. Conclusion: Simplification of assumptions on governing equations of drug delivery in ASL influenced by MCC leads to imposing some limitations on numerical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Sedaghat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behnia
- University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Omid Abouali
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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5
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Sahadevan V, Panigrahi B, Chen CY. Microfluidic Applications of Artificial Cilia: Recent Progress, Demonstration, and Future Perspectives. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050735. [PMID: 35630202 PMCID: PMC9147031 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cilia-based microfluidics is a promising alternative in lab-on-a-chip applications which provides an efficient way to manipulate fluid flow in a microfluidic environment with high precision. Additionally, it can induce favorable local flows toward practical biomedical applications. The endowment of artificial cilia with their anatomy and capabilities such as mixing, pumping, transporting, and sensing lead to advance next-generation applications including precision medicine, digital nanofluidics, and lab-on-chip systems. This review summarizes the importance and significance of the artificial cilia, delineates the recent progress in artificial cilia-based microfluidics toward microfluidic application, and provides future perspectives. The presented knowledge and insights are envisaged to pave the way for innovative advances for the research communities in miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sahadevan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Bivas Panigrahi
- Department of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Energy Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2757575-62169; Fax: +886-2352973
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6
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Demirörs AF, Aykut S, Ganzeboom S, Meier YA, Hardeman R, de Graaf J, Mathijssen AJTM, Poloni E, Carpenter JA, Ünlü C, Zenhäusern D. Amphibious Transport of Fluids and Solids by Soft Magnetic Carpets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102510. [PMID: 34528414 PMCID: PMC8564456 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in modern robotics is controlling micromanipulation by active and adaptive materials. In the respiratory system, such actuation enables pathogen clearance by means of motile cilia. While various types of artificial cilia have been engineered recently, they often involve complex manufacturing protocols and focus on transporting liquids only. Here, soft magnetic carpets are created via an easy self-assembly route based on the Rosensweig instability. These carpets can transport not only liquids but also solid objects that are larger and heavier than the artificial cilia, using a crowd-surfing effect.This amphibious transportation is locally and reconfigurably tunable by simple micromagnets or advanced programmable magnetic fields with a high degree of spatial resolution. Two surprising cargo reversal effects are identified and modeled due to collective ciliary motion and nontrivial elastohydrodynamics. While the active carpets are generally applicable to integrated control systems for transport, mixing, and sorting, these effects can also be exploited for microfluidic viscosimetry and elastometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet F. Demirörs
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Sümeyye Aykut
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Sophia Ganzeboom
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Yuki A. Meier
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Robert Hardeman
- Institute for Theoretical PhysicsCenter for Extreme Matter and Emergent PhenomenaUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 5Utrecht3584 CCThe Netherlands
| | - Joost de Graaf
- Institute for Theoretical PhysicsCenter for Extreme Matter and Emergent PhenomenaUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 5Utrecht3584 CCThe Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Poloni
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | | | - Caner Ünlü
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul34469Turkey
| | - Daniel Zenhäusern
- Institut für Solartechnik SPFHSR University of Applied Sciences RapperswilRapperswil8640Switzerland
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7
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Ford MP, Santhanakrishnan A. On the role of phase lag in multi-appendage metachronal swimming of euphausiids. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:066007. [PMID: 33171451 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abc930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metachronal paddling is a common method of drag-based aquatic propulsion, in which a series of swimming appendages are oscillated, with the motion of each appendage phase-shifted relative to the neighboring appendages. Ecologically and economically important euphausiid species such as Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) swim constantly by stroking their paddling appendages (pleopods), with locomotion accounting for the bulk of their metabolic expenditure. They tailor their swimming gaits for behavioral and energetic needs by changing pleopod kinematics. The functional importance of inter-pleopod phase lag (ϕ) to metachronal swimming performance and wake structure is unknown. To examine this relation, we developed a geometrically and dynamically scaled robot ('krillbot') capable of self-propulsion. Krillbot pleopods were prescribed to mimic published kinematics of fast-forward swimming (FFW) and hovering (HOV) gaits ofE. superba, and the Reynolds number and Strouhal number of the krillbot matched well with those calculated for freely-swimmingE. superba. In addition to examining published kinematics with unevenϕbetween pleopod pairs, we modifiedE. superbakinematics to uniformly varyϕfrom 0% to 50% of the cycle. Swimming speed and thrust were largest for FFW withϕbetween 15%-25%, coincident withϕrange observed in FFW gait ofE. superba. In contrast to synchronous rowing (ϕ= 0%) where distances between hinged joints of adjacent pleopods were nearly constant throughout the cycle, metachronal rowing (ϕ> 0%) brought adjacent pleopods closer together and moved them farther apart. This factor minimized body position fluctuation and augmented metachronal swimming speed. Though swimming speed was lowest for HOV, a ventrally angled downward jet was generated that can assist with weight support during feeding. In summary, our findings show that inter-appendage phase lag can drastically alter both metachronal swimming speed and the large-scale wake structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P Ford
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
| | - Arvind Santhanakrishnan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
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8
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Pedersoli L, Zhang S, Briatico-Vangosa F, Petrini P, Cardinaels R, den Toonder J, Peneda Pacheco D. Engineered modular microphysiological models of the human airway clearance phenomena. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3898-3913. [PMID: 34143430 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is a crucial mechanism that supports the elimination of inhaled particles, bacteria, pollution, and hazardous agents from the human airways, and it also limits the diffusion of aerosolized drugs into the airway epithelium. In spite of its relevance, few in vitro models sufficiently address the cumulative effect of the steric and interactive barrier function of mucus on the one hand, and the dynamic mucus transport imposed by ciliary mucus propulsion on the other hand. Here, ad hoc mucus models of physiological and pathological mucus are combined with magnetic artificial cilia to model mucociliary transport in both physiological and pathological states. The modular concept adopted in this study enables the development of mucociliary clearance models with high versatility since these can be easily modified to reproduce phenomena characteristic of healthy and diseased human airways while allowing to determine the effect of each parameter and/or structure separately on the overall mucociliary transport. These modular airway models can be available off-the-shelf because they are exclusively made of readily available materials, thus ensuring reproducibility across different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pedersoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Briatico-Vangosa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ruth Cardinaels
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Soft Matter Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jaap den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Peneda Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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9
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Haut B, Nonclercq A, Buess A, Rabineau J, Rigaut C, Sobac B. Comprehensive Analysis of Heat and Water Exchanges in the Human Lungs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649497. [PMID: 34168568 PMCID: PMC8217871 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a new mathematical model of the heat and water exchanges in the human lungs (newborn to adult). This model is based on a local description of the water and energy transports in both the lumen and the surrounding tissues, and is presented in a comprehensive, dimensionless framework with explicitly stated assumptions and a strong physiological background. The model is first used to analyze and quantify the key phenomena and dimensionless numbers governing these heat and water exchanges and then it is applied to an adult in various situations (varying atmospheric conditions, exercising…). The results highlight several interesting physiological elements. They show that the bronchial region of the lungs is able to condition the air in all the considered situations even if, sometimes, for instance when exercising, distal generations have to be involved. The model also shows that these distal generations are super-conditioners. Moreover, the results quantify the key role of the submucosal glands in mucus hydration. They also show that, during expiration, a significant cooling of the air and condensation of water occur along the respiratory tract as the vascularization of the tissues surrounding the airways is not able to maintain these tissues at body temperature during inspiration. Due to the interaction between several phenomena, it appears that the ratio of the amount of water returned to the mucosa during expiration to the amount extracted during inspiration is almost independent of the breathing conditions (around 33%). The results also show that, in acute situations, such as suffering from a pathology with airway dysfunction, when being intubated or when exercising above an intensity threshold, the heat and water exchanges in the lungs may be critical regarding mucus hydration. In proximal generations, the evaporation may overwhelm the ability of the submucosal glands to replenish the airway surface liquid with water. In some situations, the cooling of the mucosa may be very important; it can even become colder than the inspired air, due to evaporative cooling. Finally, the results show that breathing cold air can significantly increase the exchanges between the lungs and the environment, which can be critical regarding disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Haut
- Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Nonclercq
- Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Buess
- Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérémy Rabineau
- Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Rigaut
- Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Sobac
- Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Total, LFCR, Anglet, France
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10
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Byron ML, Murphy DW, Katija K, Hoover AP, Daniels J, Garayev K, Takagi D, Kanso E, Gemmell BJ, Ruszczyk M, Santhanakrishnan A. Metachronal motion across scales: current challenges and future directions. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1674-1688. [PMID: 34048537 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachronal motion is used across a wide range of organisms for a diverse set of functions. However, despite its ubiquity, analysis of this behavior has been difficult to generalize across systems. Here we provide an overview of known commonalities and differences between systems that use metachrony to generate fluid flow. We also discuss strategies for standardizing terminology and defining future investigative directions that are analogous to other established subfields of biomechanics. Lastly, we outline key challenges that are common to many metachronal systems, opportunities that have arisen due to the advent of new technology (both experimental and computational), and next steps for community development and collaboration across the nascent network of metachronal researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W Murphy
- University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | | | - Joost Daniels
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Kuvvat Garayev
- University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Daisuke Takagi
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822
| | - Eva Kanso
- University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA, 90007
| | | | - Melissa Ruszczyk
- Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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11
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Hanasoge S, Hesketh PJ, Alexeev A. Metachronal Actuation of Microscale Magnetic Artificial Cilia. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46963-46971. [PMID: 32924422 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological cells often interact with the environment through carpets of microscopic hair-like cilia. These elastic structures are known to beat in a synchronized wavy fashion called metachronal motion to produce fluid transport. Metachronal motion emerges due to a phase difference between beating cycles of neighboring cilia and appears as traveling waves propagating along the ciliary carpet. We demonstrate submerged in water microscale magnetic cilia that are externally actuated to beat in a metachronal fashion. Two approaches are used to induce coordinated phase differences among the beating cilia. In the first case, we fabricate cilia with an imposed gradient of geometrical properties that are subject to a rotating uniform magnetic field. In the second scenario, a ciliary array is composed of identical cilia that experience a magnetic field that varies spatiotemporally. We demonstrate that magnetic cilia can achieve symplectic, antiplectic, and leoplectic metachrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Hanasoge
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Peter J Hesketh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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12
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Poon WCK, Brown AT, Direito SOL, Hodgson DJM, Le Nagard L, Lips A, MacPhee CE, Marenduzzo D, Royer JR, Silva AF, Thijssen JHJ, Titmuss S. Soft matter science and the COVID-19 pandemic. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8310-8324. [PMID: 32909024 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01223h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Much of the science underpinning the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic lies in the soft matter domain. Coronaviruses are composite particles with a core of nucleic acids complexed to proteins surrounded by a protein-studded lipid bilayer shell. A dominant route for transmission is via air-borne aerosols and droplets. Viral interaction with polymeric body fluids, particularly mucus, and cell membranes controls their infectivity, while their interaction with skin and artificial surfaces underpins cleaning and disinfection and the efficacy of masks and other personal protective equipment. The global response to COVID-19 has highlighted gaps in the soft matter knowledge base. We survey these gaps, especially as pertaining to the transmission of the disease, and suggest questions that can (and need to) be tackled, both in response to COVID-19 and to better prepare for future viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C K Poon
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Aidan T Brown
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Susana O L Direito
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Daniel J M Hodgson
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Lucas Le Nagard
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Alex Lips
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Cait E MacPhee
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Davide Marenduzzo
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - John R Royer
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Andreia F Silva
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Job H J Thijssen
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Simon Titmuss
- Edinburgh Complex Fluids Partnership (ECFP), SUPA and School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
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