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Riley L, Cheng P, Segura T. Identification and analysis of 3D pores in packed particulate materials. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 3:975-992. [PMID: 38177603 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We took the classic 'guess the number of beans in a jar game' and amplified the research question. Rather than estimate the quantity of particles in the jar, we sought to characterize the spaces between them. Here we present an approach for delineating the pockets of empty space (three-dimensional pores) between packed particles, which are hotspots for activity in applications and natural phenomena that deal with particulate materials. We utilize techniques from graph theory to exploit information about particle configuration that allows us to locate important spatial landmarks within the void space. These landmarks are the basis for our pore segmentation, where we consider both interior pores as well as entrance and exit pores into and out of the structure. Our method is robust for particles of varying size, form, stiffness and configuration, which allows us to study and compare three-dimensional pores across a range of packed particle types. We report striking relationships between particles and pores that are described mathematically, and we offer a visual library of pore types. With a meaningful discretization of void space, we demonstrate that packed particles can be understood not by their solid space, but by their empty space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Neurology, Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Qin X, Cao Z, Wei L, Yang H, Sun H, Zhou S. Spatio-temporal evolution laws of storage coefficient of coal mine underground reservoir and contact network of crushed rock. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293611. [PMID: 37903121 PMCID: PMC10615315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporal evolution laws of storage coefficient and contact network of crushed rock are of great significance for the construction and utilization of underground reservoirs in coal mines. Based on discrete element method and irregular rigid block model, spatio-temporal evolution laws of storage coefficient and contact network of crushed rock under different overburden stresses are investigated and the following main conclusions are obtained: (1) The average storage coefficient and the storage coefficient at different vertical heights of the crushed rock packing system decrease exponentially as the overburden stress increases. When the overburden stress ranges from 0 to 20 MPa, the average storage coefficient decreases by 48.947%. (2) The average void radius and throat radius of water storage space decrease exponentially as the overburden stress increases. The increase in overburden stress leads to the transformation of large voids into smaller voids, causing a gradual decrease in void connectivity and a tendency towards irregular void shapes. (3) With the increase of overburden stress, the number of strong contacts in the packing system of crushed rock increases and gradually expands from the top to the bottom. The average contact force of crushed rock increases exponentially, while the coordination number increases linearly. (4) As the overburden stress increases, the majority of contact directions are concentrated within the ±30° range in the loading direction. This increase results in an enhancement of the anisotropy of the packing system structure of crushed rock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, China
- China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, China
| | - Lichang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, China
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, China
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, China
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Shenggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, China
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Polanía O, Cabrera M, Renouf M, Azéma E, Estrada N. Grain size distribution does not affect the residual shear strength of granular materials: An experimental proof. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:L052901. [PMID: 37328967 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.l052901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Granular materials are used in several fields and in a wide variety of processes. An important feature of these materials is the diversity of grain sizes, commonly referred to as polydispersity. When granular materials are sheared, they exhibit a predominant small elastic range. Then, the material yields, with or without a peak shear strength depending on the initial density. Finally, the material reaches a stationary state, in which it deforms at a constant shear stress, which can be linked to the residual friction angle ϕ_{r}. However, the role of polydispersity on the shear strength of granular materials is still a matter of debate. In particular, a series of investigations have proved, using numerical simulations, that ϕ_{r} is independent of polydispersity. This counterintuitive observation remains elusive to experimentalists, and especially for some technical communities that use ϕ_{r} as a design parameter (e.g., the soil mechanics community). In this Letter, we studied experimentally the effects of polydispersity on ϕ_{r}. In order to do so, we built samples of ceramic beads and then sheared these samples in a triaxial apparatus. We varied polydispersity, building monodisperse, bidisperse, and polydisperse granular samples; this allowed us to study the effects of grain size, size span, and grain size distribution on ϕ_{r}. We find that ϕ_{r} is indeed independent of polydispersity, confirming the previous findings achieved through numerical simulations. Our work fairly closes the gap of knowledge between experiments and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Polanía
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- LMGC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Miguel Cabrera
- Department of Geoscience & Engineering, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Renouf
- LMGC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilien Azéma
- LMGC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Estrada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zou Y, Ma G, Zhao S, Chen S, Zhou W. Particle shape transforms the driving of shear stress in granular materials. POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Iniyatova G, Yermukhambetova A, Boribayeva A, Golman B. Approximate Packing of Binary Mixtures of Cylindrical Particles. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:36. [PMID: 36677097 PMCID: PMC9862688 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Particle packing plays an essential role in industry and chemical engineering. In this work, the discrete element method is used to generate the cylindrical particles and densify the binary cylindrical particle mixtures under the poured packing conditions. The influences of the aspect ratio and volume fraction of particles on the packing structure are measured by planar packing fraction. The Voronoi tessellation is used to quantify the porous structure of packing. The cumulative distribution functions of local packing fractions and the probability distributions of the reduced free volume of Voronoi cells are calculated to describe the local packing characteristics of binary mixtures with different volume fractions. As a result, it is observed that particles with larger aspect ratios in the binary mixture tend to orient randomly, and the particles with smaller aspect ratios have a preferentially horizontal orientation. Results also show that the less dense packings are obtained for mixtures with particles of higher aspect ratios and mixtures with a larger fraction of elongated cylindrical particles.
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Kasyap SS, Senetakis K. A Grain-Scale Study of Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS-1). SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144730. [PMID: 34300469 PMCID: PMC8309639 DOI: 10.3390/s21144730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Space exploration has attracted significant interest by government agencies and the scientific community in recent years in an attempt to explore possible scenarios of settling of facilities on the Moon and Mars surface. One of the important components in space exploration is related with the understanding of the geophysical and geotechnical characteristics of the surfaces of planets and their natural satellites and because of the limitation of available extra-terrestrial samples, many times researchers develop simulants, which mimic the properties and characteristics of the original materials. In the present study, characterization at the grain-scale was performed on the Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS-1) with emphasis on the frictional behavior of small size samples which follow the particle-to-particle configuration. Additional characterization was performed by means of surface composition and morphology analysis and the crushing behavior of individual grains. The results from the study present for the first time the micromechanical tribological response of Mars simulant, and attempts were also made to compare the behavior of this simulant with previously published results on other types of Earth and extra-terrestrial materials. Despite some similarities between Mars and Moon simulants, the unique characteristics of the MMS-1 samples resulted in significant differences and particularly in severe damage of the grain surfaces, which was also linked to the dilation behavior at the grain-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathwik S Kasyap
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kostas Senetakis
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang C, Zhao S, Zhao J, Zhou X. Three-dimensional Voronoi analysis of realistic grain packing: An XCT assisted set Voronoi tessellation framework. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Azéma E, Cantor D, Preechawuttipong I. Independence of shear strength with particle size dispersity still valid in polyhedral particle assemblies. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124906009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A very staggering result that has been constantly highlighted in granular media is that the shear strength of granular assemblies is independent of the particle size dispersity. In other words, a packing composed of monodisperse particles has similar strength properties to those of polydisperse systems. This has been shown numerically for the simplified case of disc and polygon assemblies in 2D and spheres in 3D. In this paper, we use three-dimensional contact dynamics simulations to revisit these results for the more complex case of assemblies composed of highly polydisperse rigid polyhedra. Although non-spherical shapes induce more intricated spatial correlations than spherical shapes because of the multiple contact types (i.e., vertex-face, edge-edge, edge-face, face-face), our numerical data provide evidence that the shear strength independence as the particle size dispersity increases still holds up for assemblies of polyhedra. We explain this finding from compensation mechanisms at the micro-scale between geometrical and mechanical anisotropies developed within the assemblies.
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Dulanjalee E, Guillard F, Baker J, Einav I, Marks B. Measuring grain size fractions of bidisperse granular materials using X-ray radiography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29202-29211. [PMID: 33114824 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of granular materials such as sand, snow and rice are inherently tied to the size of the constituent particles. When a system is composed of particles of various sizes, it is common for these particles to segregate by size when disturbed. There is therefore a need to measure the particle size distribution within granular media as it evolves over time. However, there are very few experimental techniques available which can measure the particle sizes in situ without disturbing the medium. Here we present a technique to determine the volume fractions of the grain sizes in bidisperse granular materials with the aid of dynamic X-ray radiography. As a result of the penetration of the X-rays into the medium, radiography minimises the effect of walls and boundaries on experimental measurements, which typically dominate optical measurements. The technique proposed here is based on using Fourier transforms of X-ray radiographs to extract local measurements evolving over time that can be related to the particle size distribution. For the case of bidisperse granular media, with two distinct particle sizes, we show that this technique can measure the relative concentration of the two species, which we determine via a heuristic calibration parameter. We validate this technique by comparing discrete element simulations of mixtures of known concentration with experimental measurements derived from X-ray radiography of glass beads. In the future, this technique could be used to measure the grain size distribution in systems of bidisperse dense granular media where the concentration of particles is not known a priori. Additionally, the technique can be used to analyse granular segregation as it evolves dynamically.
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