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Kwon T, Kwon S, Sung BJ. The effects of asymmetry in active noises on the efficiency of single colloidal Stirling engines with active noises. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2600-2609. [PMID: 38426540 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Molecular machines, which operate in highly fluctuating environments far from equilibrium, may benefit from their non-equilibrium environments. It is, however, a topic of controversy how the efficiency of the microscopic engines can be enhanced. Recent experiments showed that microscopic Stirling engines in bacterial reservoirs could show high performance beyond the equilibrium thermodynamics. In this work, we perform overdamped Langevin dynamics simulations for microscopic Stirling heat engines in bacterial reservoirs and show that the temperature dependence of the magnitude of active noises should be responsible for such high efficiency. Only when we introduce temperature-dependent active noises, the efficiency of the microscopic Stirling engines is enhanced significantly as in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Kwon
- The Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Oh Y, Baek Y. Effects of the self-propulsion parity on the efficiency of a fuel-consuming active heat engine. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:024602. [PMID: 37723679 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.024602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose a thermodynamically consistent, analytically tractable model of steady-state active heat engines driven by both temperature difference and a constant chemical driving. While the engine follows the dynamics of the active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle, its self-propulsion stems from the mechanochemical coupling with the fuel consumption dynamics, allowing for both even- and odd-parity self-propulsion forces. Using the standard methods of stochastic thermodynamics, we show that the entropy production of the engine satisfies the conventional Clausius relation, based on which we define the efficiency of the model that is bounded from above by the second law of thermodynamics. Using this framework, we obtain exact expressions for the efficiency at maximum power. The results show that the engine performance has a nonmonotonic dependence on the magnitude of the chemical driving and that the even-parity (odd-parity) engines perform better when the size of the engine is smaller (larger) than the persistence length of the active particle. We also discuss the existence of a tighter upper bound on the efficiency of the odd-parity engines stemming from the detailed structure of the entropy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjae Oh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & Center for Theoretical Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjoo Baek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & Center for Theoretical Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Sprenger AR, Caprini L, Löwen H, Wittmann R. Dynamics of active particles with translational and rotational inertia. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:305101. [PMID: 37059111 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/accd36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inertial effects affecting both the translational and rotational dynamics are inherent to a broad range of active systems at the macroscopic scale. Thus, there is a pivotal need for proper models in the framework of active matter to correctly reproduce experimental results, hopefully achieving theoretical insights. For this purpose, we propose an inertial version of the active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle (AOUP) model accounting for particle mass (translational inertia) as well as its moment of inertia (rotational inertia) and derive the full expression for its steady-state properties. The inertial AOUP dynamics introduced in this paper is designed to capture the basic features of the well-established inertial active Brownian particle model, i.e. the persistence time of the active motion and the long-time diffusion coefficient. For a small or moderate rotational inertia, these two models predict similar dynamics at all timescales and, in general, our inertial AOUP model consistently yields the same trend upon changing the moment of inertia for various dynamical correlation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Sprenger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Caprini
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René Wittmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Rafeek R, Ali SY, Mondal D. Geometric Brownian information engine: Essentials for the best performance. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:044122. [PMID: 37198845 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.044122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a geometric Brownian information engine (GBIE) in the presence of an error-free feedback controller that transforms the information gathered on the state of Brownian particles entrapped in monolobal geometric confinement into extractable work. Outcomes of the information engine depend on the reference measurement distance x_{m}, the feedback site x_{f}, and the transverse force G. We determine the benchmarks for utilizing the available information in an output work and the optimum operating requisites for best achievable work. Transverse bias force (G) tunes the entropic contribution in the effective potential and hence the standard deviation (σ) of the equilibrium marginal probability distribution. We recognize that the amount of extractable work reaches a global maximum when x_{f}=2x_{m} with x_{m}∼0.6σ, irrespective of the extent of the entropic limitation. Because of the higher loss of information during the relaxation process, the best achievable work of a GBIE is lower in an entropic system. The feedback regulation also bears the unidirectional passage of particles. The average displacement increases with growing entropic control and is maximum when x_{m}∼0.81σ. Finally, we explore the efficacy of the information engine, a quantity that regulates the efficiency in utilizing the information acquired. With x_{f}=2x_{m}, the maximum efficacy reduces with increasing entropic control and shows a crossover from 2 to 11/9. We discover that the condition for the best efficacy depends only on the confinement lengthscale along the feedback direction. The broader marginal probability distribution accredits the increased average displacement in a cycle and the lower efficacy in an entropy-dominated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafna Rafeek
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Yunus Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Debasish Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
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5
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Awasthi S, Dutta SB. Oscillating states of driven Langevin systems under large viscous drives. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:064116. [PMID: 36671127 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.064116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We provide a perturbative scheme that is suitable to study oscillating states in driven Langevin systems in the large viscous regime. We explicitly determine the oscillating state distribution of an underdamped Brownian particle driven by a time-dependent periodic potential. Apart from the harmonic and anharmonic parameters of the potential, the noise strength and the viscous parameter (or equivalently their ratio referred to as the thermal parameter), which appear in the dynamics of the Brownian particle, are also driven periodically. We specify various nonequilibrium observables, relevant to characterize the oscillating states, and evaluate them to linear order in anharmonic perturbation. We find that the effect of viscous drives on oscillating states is measurable even at leading order and show that the thermodynamic properties of the system in these states are significantly distinct from those in equilibrium or even from those exhibited by oscillating states of overdamped driven systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakul Awasthi
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Sreedhar B Dutta
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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6
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Ghosh A, Spakowitz AJ. Active and thermal fluctuations in multi-scale polymer structure and dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6629-6637. [PMID: 36000419 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of athermal noise or biological fluctuations control and maintain crucial life-processes. In this work, we present an exact analytical treatment of the dynamic behavior of a flexible polymer chain that is subjected to both thermal and active forces. Our model for active forces incorporates temporal correlation associated with the characteristic time scale and processivity of enzymatic function (driven by ATP hydrolysis), leading to an active-force time scale that competes with relaxation processes within the polymer chain. We analyze the structure and dynamics of an active-Brownian polymer using our exact results for the dynamic structure factor and the looping time for the chain ends. The spectrum of relaxation times within a polymer chain implies two different behaviors at small and large length scales. Small length-scale relaxation is faster than the active-force time scale, and the dynamic and structural behavior at these scales are oblivious to active forces and, are thus governed by the true thermal temperature. Large length-scale behavior is governed by relaxation times that are much longer than the active-force time scale, resulting in an effective active-Brownian temperature that dramatically alters structural and dynamic behavior. These complex multi-scale effects imply a time-dependent temperature that governs living and non-equilibrium systems, serving as a unifying concept for interpreting and predicting their physical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Andrew J Spakowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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7
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Chen YH, Chen JF, Fei Z, Quan HT. Microscopic theory of the Curzon-Ahlborn heat engine based on a Brownian particle. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:024105. [PMID: 36109948 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.024105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Curzon-Ahlborn (CA) efficiency, as the efficiency at the maximum power (EMP) of the endoreversible Carnot engine, has significant impact on finite-time thermodynamics. However, the CA engine is based on many assumptions. In the past few decades, although a lot of efforts have been made, a microscopic theory of the CA engine is still lacking. By adopting the method of the stochastic differential equation of energy, we formulate a microscopic theory of the CA engine realized with a highly underdamped Brownian particle in a class of nonharmonic potentials. This theory gives microscopic interpretation of all assumptions made by Curzon and Ahlborn. In other words, we find a microscopic counterpart of the CA engine in stochastic thermodynamics. Also, based on this theory, we derive the explicit expression of the protocol associated with the maximum power for any given efficiency, and we obtain analytical results of the power and the efficiency statistics for the Brownian CA engine. Our research brings new perspectives to experimental studies of finite-time microscopic heat engines featured with fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chen
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin-Fu Chen
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, No. 10 Xibeiwang East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyu Fei
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, No. 10 Xibeiwang East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H T Quan
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Goswami K. Inertial particle under active fluctuations: Diffusion and work distributions. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044123. [PMID: 35590542 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the underdamped motion of a passive particle in an active environment. Using the phase space path integral method we find the probability distribution function of position and velocity for a free and a harmonically bound particle. The environment is characterized by an active noise which is described as the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process (OUP). Taking two similar, yet slightly different OUP models, it is shown how inertia along with other relevant parameters affect the dynamics of the particle. Further we investigate the work fluctuations of a harmonically trapped particle by considering the trap center being pulled at a constant speed. Finally, the fluctuation theorem of work is validated with an effective temperature in the steady-state limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Powai 400076, India and Institute of Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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9
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Cheng K, Liu P, Yang M, Hou M. Experimental investigation of active noise on a rotor in an active granular bath. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2541-2548. [PMID: 35166750 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In an active bath, besides thermal noise, immersed passive objects also persistently experience collisions from active particles, which are often coarse-grained into a colored active noise with an assumed exponential time correlation. The exponentially correlated active noise extremely simplifies the theoretical description of immersed passive objects but so far lacks direct experimental verification. Here, we experimentally investigate the active noise subjected by a passive rotor confined in an active granular bath. On the basis of Langevin dynamics, we extract the characteristic of the active noise by analyzing the power spectrum of the rotor trajectory. Our experimental results find that the active noise experienced by the granular rotor does show an exponential time correlation to a good extent, even though due to the small experimental system and low collision frequency, the profile of the active noise in our system is non-Gaussian. Our findings give direct experimental evidence, which supports the widely-used active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle model in our dry active system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Meiying Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Ali SY, Rafeek R, Mondal D. Geometric Brownian information engine: Upper bound of the achievable work under feedback control. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:014902. [PMID: 34998347 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We design a geometric Brownian information engine by considering overdamped Brownian particles inside a two-dimensional monolobal confinement with irregular width along the transport direction. Under such detention, particles experience an effective entropic potential which has a logarithmic form. We employ a feedback control protocol as an outcome of error-free position measurement. The protocol comprises three stages: measurement, feedback, and relaxation. We reposition the center of the confinement to the measurement distance (xp) instantaneously when the position of the trapped particle crosses xp for the first time. Then, the particle is allowed for thermal relaxation. We calculate the extractable work, total information, and unavailable information associated with the feedback control using this equilibrium probability distribution function. We find the exact analytical value of the upper bound of extractable work as (53-2ln2)kBT. We introduce a constant force G downward to the transverse coordinate (y). A change in G alters the effective potential of the system and tunes the relative dominance of entropic and energetic contributions in it. The upper bound of the achievable work shows a crossover from (53-2ln2)kBT to 12kBT when the system changes from an entropy-dominated regime to an energy-dominated one. Compared to an energetic analog, the loss of information during the relaxation process is higher in the entropy-dominated region, which accredits the less value in achievable work. Theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the Langevin dynamics simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Yunus Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Optical Sciences and Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rafna Rafeek
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Optical Sciences and Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Debasish Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Optical Sciences and Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Qi C, Ding Z, Chen L, Ge Y, Feng H. Modeling and Performance Optimization of an Irreversible Two-Stage Combined Thermal Brownian Heat Engine. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23040419. [PMID: 33807398 PMCID: PMC8065476 DOI: 10.3390/e23040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on finite time thermodynamics, an irreversible combined thermal Brownian heat engine model is established in this paper. The model consists of two thermal Brownian heat engines which are operating in tandem with thermal contact with three heat reservoirs. The rates of heat transfer are finite between the heat engine and the reservoir. Considering the heat leakage and the losses caused by kinetic energy change of particles, the formulas of steady current, power output and efficiency are derived. The power output and efficiency of combined heat engine are smaller than that of single heat engine operating between reservoirs with same temperatures. When the potential filed is free from external load, the effects of asymmetry of the potential, barrier height and heat leakage on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. When the potential field is free from external load, the effects of basic design parameters on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. The optimal power and efficiency are obtained by optimizing the barrier heights of two heat engines. The optimal working regions are obtained. There is optimal temperature ratio which maximize the overall power output or efficiency. When the potential filed is subjected to external load, effect of external load is analyzed. The steady current decreases versus external load; the power output and efficiency are monotonically increasing versus external load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzheng Qi
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (C.Q.); (Y.G.); (H.F.)
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China;
| | - Zemin Ding
- College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China;
| | - Lingen Chen
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (C.Q.); (Y.G.); (H.F.)
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Yanlin Ge
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (C.Q.); (Y.G.); (H.F.)
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Huijun Feng
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (C.Q.); (Y.G.); (H.F.)
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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