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Sadhukhan S, Nandi MK, Pandey S, Paoluzzi M, Dasgupta C, Gov NS, Nandi SK. Motility driven glassy dynamics in confluent epithelial monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6160-6175. [PMID: 39044639 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
As wounds heal, embryos develop, cancer spreads, or asthma progresses, the cellular monolayer undergoes a glass transition between solid-like jammed and fluid-like flowing states. During some of these processes, the cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT): they acquire in-plane polarity and become motile. Thus, how motility drives the glassy dynamics in epithelial systems is critical for the EMT process. However, no analytical framework that is indispensable for deeper insights exists. Here, we develop such a theory inspired by a well-known glass theory. One crucial result of this work is that the confluency affects the effective persistence time-scale of active force, described by its rotational diffusivity, Deffr. Deffr differs from the bare rotational diffusivity, Dr, of the motile force due to cell shape dynamics, which acts to rectify the force dynamics: Deffr is equal to Dr when Dr is small and saturates when Dr is large. We test the theoretical prediction of Deffr and how it affects the relaxation dynamics in our simulations of the active Vertex model. This novel effect of Deffr is crucial to understanding the new and previously published simulation data of active glassy dynamics in epithelial monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Sadhukhan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Nandi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron 69500, France
| | - Satyam Pandey
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
| | - Matteo Paoluzzi
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chandan Dasgupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Saroj Kumar Nandi
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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Pareek P, Adhikari M, Dasgupta C, Nandi SK. Different glassy characteristics are related to either caging or dynamical heterogeneity. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174503. [PMID: 37916596 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous theoretical and application interests, a fundamental understanding of the glassy dynamics remains elusive. The static properties of glassy and ordinary liquids are similar, but their dynamics are dramatically different. What leads to this difference is the central puzzle of the field. Even the primary defining glassy characteristics, their implications, and if they are related to a single mechanism remain unclear. This lack of clarity is a severe hindrance to theoretical progress. Here, we combine analytical arguments and simulations of various systems in different dimensions and address these questions. Our results suggest that the myriad of glassy features are manifestations of two distinct mechanisms. Particle caging controls the mean, and coexisting slow- and fast-moving regions govern the distribution of particle displacements. All the other glassy characteristics are manifestations of these two mechanisms; thus, the Fickian yet non-Gaussian nature of glassy liquids is not surprising. We discover a crossover, from stretched exponential to a power law, in the behavior of the overlap function. This crossover is prominent in simulation data and forms the basis of our analyses. Our results have crucial implications on how the glassy dynamics data are analyzed, challenge some recent suggestions on the mechanisms governing glassy dynamics, and impose strict constraints that a correct theory of glasses must have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Pareek
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Monoj Adhikari
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Chandan Dasgupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560089, India
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Wiese R, Kroy K, Levis D. Fluid-Glass-Jamming Rheology of Soft Active Brownian Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:178302. [PMID: 37955492 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.178302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We numerically study the shear rheology of a binary mixture of soft active Brownian particles, from the fluid to the disordered solid regime. At low shear rates, we find a Newtonian regime, where a Green-Kubo relation with an effective temperature provides the linear viscosity. It is followed by a shear-thinning regime at high shear rates. At high densities, solidification is signaled by the emergence of a finite yield stress. We construct a "fluid-glass-jamming" phase diagram with activity replacing temperature. While both parameters gauge fluctuations, activity also changes the exponent characterizing the decay of the diffusivity close to the glass transition and the shape of the yield stress surface. The dense disordered active solid appears to be mostly dominated by athermal jamming rather than glass rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wiese
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kroy
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Demian Levis
- Departement de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Burger GA, van de Water B, Le Dévédec SE, Beltman JB. Density-Dependent Migration Characteristics of Cancer Cells Driven by Pseudopod Interaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854721. [PMID: 35547818 PMCID: PMC9084912 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to invade neighboring tissue from primary tumors is an important determinant of metastatic behavior. Quantification of cell migration characteristics such as migration speed and persistence helps to understand the requirements for such invasiveness. One factor that may influence invasion is how local tumor cell density shapes cell migration characteristics, which we here investigate with a combined experimental and computational modeling approach. First, we generated and analyzed time-lapse imaging data on two aggressive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell lines, HCC38 and Hs578T, during 2D migration assays at various cell densities. HCC38 cells exhibited a counter-intuitive increase in speed and persistence with increasing density, whereas Hs578T did not exhibit such an increase. Moreover, HCC38 cells exhibited strong cluster formation with active pseudopod-driven migration, especially at low densities, whereas Hs578T cells maintained a dispersed positioning. In order to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the density-dependent cell migration characteristics and cluster formation, we developed realistic spatial simulations using a Cellular Potts Model (CPM) with an explicit description of pseudopod dynamics. Model analysis demonstrated that pseudopods exerting a pulling force on the cell and interacting via increased adhesion at pseudopod tips could explain the experimentally observed increase in speed and persistence with increasing density in HCC38 cells. Thus, the density-dependent migratory behavior could be an emergent property of single-cell characteristics without the need for additional mechanisms. This implies that pseudopod dynamics and interaction may play a role in the aggressive nature of cancers through mediating dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard A Burger
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Sadhukhan S, Nandi SK. On the origin of universal cell shape variability in confluent epithelial monolayers. eLife 2022; 11:76406. [PMID: 36563034 PMCID: PMC9833828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape is fundamental in biology. The average cell shape can influence crucial biological functions, such as cell fate and division orientation. But cell-to-cell shape variability is often regarded as noise. In contrast, recent works reveal that shape variability in diverse epithelial monolayers follows a nearly universal distribution. However, the origin and implications of this universality remain unclear. Here, assuming contractility and adhesion are crucial for cell shape, characterized via aspect ratio (r), we develop a mean-field analytical theory for shape variability. We find that all the system-specific details combine into a single parameter α that governs the probability distribution function (PDF) of r; this leads to a universal relation between the standard deviation and the average of r. The PDF for the scaled r is not strictly but nearly universal. In addition, we obtain the scaled area distribution, described by the parameter μ. Information of α and μ together can distinguish the effects of changing physical conditions, such as maturation, on different system properties. We have verified the theory via simulations of two distinct models of epithelial monolayers and with existing experiments on diverse systems. We demonstrate that in a confluent monolayer, average shape determines both the shape variability and dynamics. Our results imply that cell shape distribution is inevitable, where a single parameter describes both statics and dynamics and provides a framework to analyze and compare diverse epithelial systems. In contrast to existing theories, our work shows that the universal properties are consequences of a mathematical property and should be valid in general, even in the fluid regime.
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Paoluzzi M, Angelani L, Gosti G, Marchetti MC, Pagonabarraga I, Ruocco G. Alignment interactions drive structural transitions in biological tissues. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:044606. [PMID: 34781522 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.044606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence shows that there is a feedback between cell shape and cell motion. How this feedback impacts the collective behavior of dense cell monolayers remains an open question. We investigate the effect of a feedback that tends to align the cell crawling direction with cell elongation in a biological tissue model. We find that the alignment interaction promotes nematic patterns in the fluid phase that eventually undergo a nonequilibrium phase transition into a quasihexagonal solid. Meanwhile, highly asymmetric cells do not undergo the liquid-to-solid transition for any value of the alignment coupling. In this regime, the dynamics of cell centers and shape fluctuation show features typical of glassy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Paoluzzi
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Angelani
- ISC-CNR, Institute for Complex Systems, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gosti
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CECAM Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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