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Rizi AK, Keating LA, Gleeson JP, O'Sullivan DJP, Kivelä M. Effectiveness of contact tracing on networks with cliques. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024303. [PMID: 38491705 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Contact tracing, the practice of isolating individuals who have been in contact with infected individuals, is an effective and practical way of containing disease spread. Here we show that this strategy is particularly effective in the presence of social groups: Once the disease enters a group, contact tracing not only cuts direct infection paths but can also pre-emptively quarantine group members such that it will cut indirect spreading routes. We show these results by using a deliberately stylized model that allows us to isolate the effect of contact tracing within the clique structure of the network where the contagion is spreading. This will enable us to derive mean-field approximations and epidemic thresholds to demonstrate the efficiency of contact tracing in social networks with small groups. This analysis shows that contact tracing in networks with groups is more efficient the larger the groups are. We show how these results can be understood by approximating the combination of disease spreading and contact tracing with a complex contagion process where every failed infection attempt will lead to a lower infection probability in the following attempts. Our results illustrate how contact tracing in real-world settings can be more efficient than predicted by models that treat the system as fully mixed or the network structure as locally treelike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas K Rizi
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Leah A Keating
- MACSI, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - James P Gleeson
- MACSI, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - David J P O'Sullivan
- MACSI, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Mikko Kivelä
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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de Meijere G, Castellano C. Limited efficacy of forward contact tracing in epidemics. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:054305. [PMID: 38115421 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.054305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases that spread silently through asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infections represent a challenge for policy makers. A traditional way of achieving isolation of silent infectors from the community is through forward contact tracing, aimed at identifying individuals that might have been infected by a known infected person. In this work we investigate how efficient this measure is in preventing a disease from becoming endemic. We introduce an SIS-based compartmental model where symptomatic individuals may self-isolate and trigger a contact tracing process aimed at quarantining asymptomatic infected individuals. Imperfect adherence and delays affect both measures. We derive the epidemic threshold analytically and find that contact tracing alone can only lead to a very limited increase of the threshold. We quantify the effect of imperfect adherence and the impact of incentivizing asymptomatic and symptomatic populations to adhere to isolation. Our analytical results are confirmed by simulations on complex networks and by the numerical analysis of a much more complex model incorporating more realistic in-host disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia de Meijere
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC-CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Castellano
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC-CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale, 1, I-00184 Rome, Italy
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Burgio G, Gómez S, Arenas A. Spreading dynamics in networks under context-dependent behavior. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:064304. [PMID: 37464705 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.064304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In some systems, the behavior of the constituent units can create a "context" that modifies the direct interactions among them. This mechanism of indirect modification inspired us to develop a minimal model of context-dependent spreading. In our model, agents actively impede (favor) or not diffusion during an interaction, depending on the behavior they observe among all the peers in the group within which that interaction occurs. We divide the population into two behavioral types and provide a mean-field theory to parametrize mixing patterns of arbitrary type-assortativity within groups of any size. As an application, we examine an epidemic-spreading model with context-dependent adoption of prophylactic tools such as face masks. By analyzing the distributions of groups' size and type-composition, we uncover a rich phenomenology for the basic reproduction number and the endemic state. We analytically show how changing the group organization of contacts can either facilitate or hinder epidemic spreading, eventually moving the system from the subcritical to the supercritical phase and vice versa, depending mainly on sociological factors, such as whether the prophylactic behavior is hardly or easily induced. More generally, our work provides a theoretical foundation to model higher-order contexts and analyze their dynamical implications, envisioning a broad theory of context-dependent interactions that would allow for a new systematic investigation of a variety of complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Burgio
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sergio Gómez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alex Arenas
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Valdez LD, Vassallo L, Braunstein LA. Epidemic control in networks with cliques. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:054304. [PMID: 37329038 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.054304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Social units, such as households and schools, can play an important role in controlling epidemic outbreaks. In this work, we study an epidemic model with a prompt quarantine measure on networks with cliques (a clique is a fully connected subgraph representing a social unit). According to this strategy, newly infected individuals are detected and quarantined (along with their close contacts) with probability f. Numerical simulations reveal that epidemic outbreaks in networks with cliques are abruptly suppressed at a transition point f_{c}. However, small outbreaks show features of a second-order phase transition around f_{c}. Therefore, our model can exhibit properties of both discontinuous and continuous phase transitions. Next, we show analytically that the probability of small outbreaks goes continuously to 1 at f_{c} in the thermodynamic limit. Finally, we find that our model exhibits a backward bifurcation phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Valdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata (IFIMAR), Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - L Vassallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata (IFIMAR), Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - L A Braunstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata (IFIMAR), Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
- Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Hiraoka T, Rizi AK, Kivelä M, Saramäki J. Herd immunity and epidemic size in networks with vaccination homophily. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:L052301. [PMID: 35706197 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.l052301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study how the herd immunity threshold and the expected epidemic size depend on homophily with respect to vaccine adoption. We find that the presence of homophily considerably increases the critical vaccine coverage needed for herd immunity and that strong homophily can push the threshold entirely out of reach. The epidemic size monotonically increases as a function of homophily strength for a perfect vaccine, while it is maximized at a nontrivial level of homophily when the vaccine efficacy is limited. Our results highlight the importance of vaccination homophily in epidemic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hiraoka
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Abbas K Rizi
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikko Kivelä
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jari Saramäki
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
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Badie-Modiri A, Rizi AK, Karsai M, Kivelä M. Directed percolation in random temporal network models with heterogeneities. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:054313. [PMID: 35706217 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.054313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The event graph representation of temporal networks suggests that the connectivity of temporal structures can be mapped to a directed percolation problem. However, similarly to percolation theory on static networks, this mapping is valid under the approximation that the structure and interaction dynamics of the temporal network are determined by its local properties, and, otherwise, it is maximally random. We challenge these conditions and demonstrate the robustness of this mapping in case of more complicated systems. We systematically analyze random and regular network topologies and heterogeneous link-activation processes driven by bursty renewal or self-exciting processes using numerical simulation and finite-size scaling methods. We find that the critical percolation exponents characterizing the temporal network are not sensitive to many structural and dynamical network heterogeneities, while they recover known scaling exponents characterizing directed percolation on low-dimensional lattices. While it is not possible to demonstrate the validity of this mapping for all temporal network models, our results establish the first batch of evidence supporting the robustness of the scaling relationships in the limited-time reachability of temporal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Badie-Modiri
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-0007, Finland
| | - Abbas K Rizi
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-0007, Finland
| | - Márton Karsai
- Department of Network and Data Science Central European University, 1100 Vienna, Austria
- Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mikko Kivelä
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-0007, Finland
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