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Jangizehi A, Schmid F, Besenius P, Kremer K, Seiffert S. Defects and defect engineering in Soft Matter. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10809-10859. [PMID: 33306078 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft matter covers a wide range of materials based on linear or branched polymers, gels and rubbers, amphiphilic (macro)molecules, colloids, and self-assembled structures. These materials have applications in various industries, all highly important for our daily life, and they control all biological functions; therefore, controlling and tailoring their properties is crucial. One way to approach this target is defect engineering, which aims to control defects in the material's structure, and/or to purposely add defects into it to trigger specific functions. While this approach has been a striking success story in crystalline inorganic hard matter, both for mechanical and electronic properties, and has also been applied to organic hard materials, defect engineering is rarely used in soft matter design. In this review, we present a survey on investigations on defects and/or defect engineering in nine classes of soft matter composed of liquid crystals, colloids, linear polymers with moderate degree of branching, hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers, conjugated polymers, polymeric networks, self-assembled amphiphiles and proteins, block copolymers and supramolecular polymers. This overview proposes a promising role of this approach for tuning the properties of soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jangizehi
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Dieterich S, Sottmann T, Giesselmann F. Gelation of Lyotropic Liquid-Crystal Phases-The Interplay between Liquid Crystalline Order and Physical Gel Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16793-16802. [PMID: 31621334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematical investigation of gelled lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs). This new class of soft materials combines the anisotropy of LLCs with the mechanical stability of a physical gel. The studied LLC system consists of sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant, n-decanol as a cosurfactant, and water as a solvent. At room temperature, four liquid crystalline phases (lamellar Lα, nematic Nd and Nc, and hexagonal H1) are formed depending on the composition. We were successful in gelling the lyotropic lamellar phase with the low-molecular-weight organogelator 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12-HOA). The obtained gelled lamellar phase shows optical birefringence, elastic response, and no macroscopic flow. However, we were not able to obtain gels with hexagonal or nematic structure. These findings can be explained twofold. When gelling the hexagonal phase, the long-range hexagonal order was destroyed and an isotropic gel was formed. The reason might be the incompatibility between the gel fiber network and the two-dimensional long-range translational order of the cylindrical micelles in the hexagonal phase. Otherwise, the lyotropic nematic phase was transformed into an anisotropic gel with the lamellar structure during gelation. Evidently, the addition of the gelator 12-HOA to the lyotropic system considerably widens the lamellar regime because the integration of the surface-active 12-HOA gelator molecules into the nematic micelles flattens out the micelle curvature. We further investigated the successfully gelated Lα phase to examine the impacts of the gel network and the remaining monomeric gelator on both the structure and properties of the gelled lamellar phase. Small-angle X-ray scattering results showed an arrested lamellar layer spacing in the gelled state, which indicates a higher translational order for the gelled lamellar phases in comparison with their gelator-free counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Dieterich
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Thomas Sottmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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Capitani D, Yethiraj A, Burnell EE. Memory effects across surfactant mesophases. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:3036-48. [PMID: 17295526 DOI: 10.1021/la062798r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed analysis of deuteron NMR spectra of micellar, lamellar, cubic, and hexagonal mesophases in the aqueous non-ionic surfactant system C(12)E(6)/water. Samples are prepared with and without shear. Particular attention is paid to an interesting temperature-driven phase sequence that includes all of the above phases that are studied before and after shear parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. Surprising memory effects are found across mesophase transitions. These memory effects provide clues to the structure of the various phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Capitani
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, CNR, Research Area of Rome, Via Salaria Km 29-300, Monterotondo Staz, Rome, Italy
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Porion P, Faugère AM, Delville A. Analysis of the Degree of Nematic Ordering within Dense Aqueous Dispersions of Charged Anisotropic Colloids by 23Na NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:20145-54. [PMID: 16853604 DOI: 10.1021/jp053224i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous dispersions of Laponite, a synthetic clay neutralized by sodium counterions, are used as a model of charged anisotropic colloids to probe the influence of the shape of the particle on their organization within a macroscopic nematic phase. Because of the large fraction of condensed sodium counterions in the vicinity of the clay particle, (23)Na NMR is a sensitive probe of the nematic ordering of the clay dispersions. We used line shape analysis of the (23)Na NMR spectra and measurements of the Hahn echo attenuation to quantify the degree of alignment of the individual clay particles along a single nematic director. As justified by simple dynamical simulations of the interplay between the sodium quadrupolar relaxation and its diffusion through the porous network limited by the surface of the clay particles, we probe the degree of ordering within these clay nematic dispersions by measuring the variation of the apparent (23)Na NMR relaxation rates as a function of the macroscopic orientation of the clay dispersion within the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Porion
- Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée CNRS, 1b rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France.
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Freyssingeas E, Martin A, Roux D. Role of dislocation loops on the elastic constants of lyotropic lamellar phases. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2005; 18:219-30. [PMID: 16244811 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2005-10042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the role of dislocation loops defects on the elasticity of lamellar phases by investigating the variation of the lamellar elastic constants, B and K, induced by the proliferation of these defects. We focus our interest on one particular lamellar phase made up of a mixture of C(12)E(5) and DMPC in water, which is already well-characterised. This lamellar phase undergoes a second-order (or weakly first-order) lamellar-to-nematic phase transition at about 19 degrees C and dislocation loops are seen to proliferate within the lamellar structure when temperature is decreased below 30 degrees C. The values of both elastic constants of this given lamellar phase are measured as a function of temperature, approaching the lamellar-to-nematic transition, with the help of Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS) on oriented lamellar phases. Very surprisingly we observe a strong and rapid increase in both Band K as the lamellar-to-nematic transition temperature is approached. These increases are seen to start as soon as dislocation loops can be observed in the lamellar phase. We interpret our results as being the consequence of the appearance and proliferation of dislocation loops within the lamellar structure. According to a simple model we developed we show that B and K are proportional to the density of dislocation loops in the lamellar phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Freyssingeas
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR CNRS 5672, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.
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Riske KA, Amaral LQ, Dobereiner HG, Lamy MT. Mesoscopic structure in the chain-melting regime of anionic phospholipid vesicles: DMPG. Biophys J 2005; 86:3722-33. [PMID: 15189868 PMCID: PMC1304273 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.103.033803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a range of low ionic strength, aqueous dispersions of the anionic phospholipid DMPG (dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol) have a transparent intermediate phase (IP, between T(m)(on) congruent with 20 degrees C and T(m)(off) congruent with 30 degrees C) between the turbid gel and fluid membrane phases, evidenced in turbidity data. Small angle x-ray scattering results on DMPG dispersions show that, besides the bilayer peak present in all phases, a peak corresponding to a mesoscopic structure at approximately 400 A is detected only in IP. The dependence of this peak position on DMPG concentration suggests a correlation in the bilayer plane, consistent with the stability of vesicles in IP. Moreover, observation of giant DMPG vesicles with phase contrast light microscopy show that vesicles "disappear" upon cooling below T(m)(off) and "reappear" after reheating. This further proves that although vesicles cannot be visualized in IP, their overall structure is maintained. We propose that the IP in the melting regime corresponds to unilamellar vesicles with perforations, a model which is consistent with all described experimental observations. Furthermore, the opening of pores across the membrane tuned by ionic strength, temperature, and lipid composition is likely to have biological relevance and could be used in applications for controlled release from nanocompartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Riske
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Theory Department, Am Muhlenberg, Golm, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hedin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Furó
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zipfel J, Berghausen J, Lindner P, Richtering W. Influence of Shear on Lyotropic Lamellar Phases with Different Membrane Defects. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983917h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zipfel
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, B.P. 156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Jörg Berghausen
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, B.P. 156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Lindner
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, B.P. 156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Walter Richtering
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany, and Institut Laue-Langevin, B.P. 156, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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Gustafsson S, Halle B. Spin relaxation by diffusion on biaxial rods. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dynamics of amphiphilic systems studied using NMR relaxation and pulsed field gradient experiments. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-0294(97)80016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Quist PO. Biaxial Micelles in a Uniaxial Nematic Phase. An Angular-Dependent 23Na NMR Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952477g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Ola Quist
- Condensed Matter Magnetic Resonance Group, Chemical Center, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Furó I, Halle B. Micelle size and orientational order across the nematic-isotropic transition: A field-dependent nuclear-spin-relaxation study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:466-477. [PMID: 9962665 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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