1
|
Gerber D, Wilen LA, Dufresne ER, Style RW. Polycrystallinity Enhances Stress Buildup around Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:208201. [PMID: 38039453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.208201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Damage caused by freezing wet, porous materials is a widespread problem but is hard to predict or control. Here, we show that polycrystallinity significantly speeds up the stress buildup process that underpins this damage. Unfrozen water in grain-boundary grooves feeds ice growth at temperatures below the freezing temperature, leading to fast stress buildup. These stresses can build up to levels that can easily break many brittle materials. The dynamics of the process are very variable, which we ascribe to local differences in ice-grain orientation and to the surprising mobility of many grooves-which further accelerates stress buildup. Our Letter will help understand how freezing damage occurs and in developing accurate models and effective damage-mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Gerber
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence A Wilen
- Center for Engineering Innovation and Design, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert W Style
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lewis M, Brush LN. Impact of solid-liquid interfacial thermodynamics on phase-change memory RESET scaling. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:205204. [PMID: 35108689 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A model of the RESET melting process in conventional phase-change memory (PCM) devices is constructed in which the Gibbs-Thomson (GT) effect, representing local equilibrium at the solid-liquid interface, is included as an interfacial condition for the electro-thermal model of the PCM device. A comparison is made between the GT model and a commonly used model in which the interfacial temperature is fixed at the bulk melting temperature of the PCM material. The model is applied to conventional PCM designs in which a dome-shaped liquid/amorphous region is formed. Two families of solutions are computed representing steady state liquid regions, distinguished by their thermodynamic aspects. There is a family of solutions representing a hypothetical liquid nucleation process, and a family of larger steady-state liquid solutions representing the limit of the melting process. These 'melting limits' enable calculation of minima in voltage and corresponding current required for the RESET process. In this PCM configuration, the GT effect constrains the equilibrium solid-liquid interface temperature to remain above the bulk melting temperature during melting. The magnitude of this temperature difference increases with decreasing device size scale, thus requiring an increase in the required voltage and current needed for RESET compared to the case in which the interface temperature is approximated by the bulk melting temperature. This increase becomes substantial for active device dimensions in the <20 nm range. The impact of this phenomena on PCM device design is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lewis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Lucien N Brush
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Freeze casting under external fields (magnetic, electric, or acoustic) produces porous materials having local, regional, and global microstructural order in specific directions. In freeze casting, porosity is typically formed by the directional solidification of a liquid colloidal suspension. Adding external fields to the process allows for structured nucleation of ice and manipulation of particles during solidification. External control over the distribution of particles is governed by a competition of forces between constitutional supercooling and electromagnetism or acoustic radiation. Here, we review studies that apply external fields to create porous ceramics with different microstructural patterns, gradients, and anisotropic alignments. The resulting materials possess distinct gradient, core–shell, ring, helical, or long-range alignment and enhanced anisotropic mechanical properties.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pramanik S, Wettlaufer JS. Confinement effects in premelting dynamics. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:052801. [PMID: 29347799 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.052801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We examine the effects of confinement on the dynamics of premelted films driven by thermomolecular pressure gradients. Our approach is to modify a well-studied setting in which the thermomolecular pressure gradient is driven by a temperature gradient parallel to an interfacially premelted elastic wall. The modification treats the increase in viscosity associated with the thinning of films, studied in a wide variety of materials, using a power law and we examine the consequent evolution of the confining elastic wall. We treat (1) a range of interactions that are known to underlie interfacial premelting and (2) a constant temperature gradient wherein the thermomolecular pressure gradient is a constant. The difference between the cases with and without the proximity effect arises in the volume flux of premelted liquid. The proximity effect increases the viscosity as the film thickness decreases thereby requiring the thermomolecular pressure driven flux to be accommodated at higher temperatures where the premelted film thickness is the largest. Implications for experiment and observations of frost heave are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Pramanik
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John S Wettlaufer
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; and Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahman S, Grasley Z, Masad E, Zollinger D, Iyengar S, Kogbara R. Simulation of Mass, Linear Momentum, and Energy Transport in Concrete with Varying Moisture Content during Cooling to Cryogenic Temperatures. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-016-0636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Saruya T, Rempel AW, Kurita K. Hydrodynamic Transitions with Changing Particle Size That Control Ice Lens Growth. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13420-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505366y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Saruya
- Earthquake Research
Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Alan W. Rempel
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Kei Kurita
- Earthquake Research
Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miller LA, Papakyriakou TN, Collins RE, Deming JW, Ehn JK, Macdonald RW, Mucci A, Owens O, Raudsepp M, Sutherland N. Carbon dynamics in sea ice: A winter flux time series. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc006058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Nicolsky DJ, Romanovsky VE, Tipenko GS, Walker DA. Modeling biogeophysical interactions in nonsorted circles in the Low Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Uda Y, Zepeda S, Kaneko F, Matsuura Y, Furukawa Y. Adsorption-Induced Conformational Changes of Antifreeze Glycoproteins at the Ice/Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:14355-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075429s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Uda
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Salvador Zepeda
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Kaneko
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Matsuura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Furukawa
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hales TC, Roering JJ. Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Style RW, Worster MG. Surface transport in premelted films with application to grain-boundary grooving. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:176102. [PMID: 16383839 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.176102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a new model of surface transport in premelted films that is applicable to a wide range of materials close to their melting points. We illustrate its use by applying it to the evolution of a grain-boundary groove in a high vapor pressure material and show that Mullins's classical equation describing transport driven by gradients in surface curvature is reproduced asymptotically. The microscopic contact angle at the groove root is found to be modified over a thin boundary layer, and the apparent contact angle is determined. An explicit transport coefficient is derived that governs the evolution rate of systems controlled by surface transport through premelted films. The transport coefficient is found to depend on temperature and diverges as the bulk melting temperature is approached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Style
- Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, CB3 9EW Cambridge, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Christoffersen P, Tulaczyk S. Response of subglacial sediments to basal freeze-on 1. Theory and comparison to observations from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poul Christoffersen
- Department of Civil Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Slawek Tulaczyk
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rankin AM, Wolff EW, Martin S. Frost flowers: Implications for tropospheric chemistry and ice core interpretation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Rankin
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Eric W. Wolff
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Seelye Martin
- School of Oceanography; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rempel AW, Wettlaufer JS, Worster MG. Interfacial premelting and the thermomolecular force: thermodynamic buoyancy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:088501. [PMID: 11497990 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.088501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a substrate can alter the equilibrium state of another material near their common boundary. Examples include wetting and interfacial premelting. In the latter case, temperature gradients induce spatial variations in the thickness of the premelted film that reflect changes in the strength of the repulsion between the substrate and the solid. We show that the net thermomolecular force on a macroscopic substrate is equivalent to a thermodynamic buoyancy force-proportional to the mass of solid that can occupy the volume enclosed by the substrate and the temperature gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Rempel
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, 98105-55640, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu DM. Frost heave in physisorbed films: vapor flow and substrate effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 63:012502. [PMID: 11304298 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.012502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/1999] [Revised: 06/20/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of vapor flow accompanying the surface-melted liquid flow in physisorbed multilayer films due to thermomolecular pressures was estimated. It was found that the vapor flow is significant compared to the flow of the surface-melted liquid in thick films. As the flows continue, the film thickness profile evolves into one determined by a dynamic equilibrium of vapor pressure. The flow of surface-melted liquid stops when the dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 257 Robert H. Flarsheim Hall, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tombari E, Ferrari C, Salvetti G, Johari GP. Water↔ice transformation in micron-size droplets in emulsions. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
17
|
Wettlaufer JS, Worster MG, Wilen LA. Premelting Dynamics: Geometry and Interactions. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9632201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Wettlaufer
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Box 355640, and Department of Physics, Box 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England
| | - M. G. Worster
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Box 355640, and Department of Physics, Box 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England
| | - L. A. Wilen
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Box 355640, and Department of Physics, Box 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wettlaufer JS, Worster MG, Wilen LA, Dash JG. A theory of premelting dynamics for all power law forces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:3602-3605. [PMID: 10061009 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
19
|
Wilen LA, Dash JG. Frost heave dynamics at a single crystal interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:5076-5079. [PMID: 10058677 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|