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Hofmann S, Dmitriev SN, Fahlander C, Gates JM, Roberto JB, Sakai H. On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Almost thirty years ago the criteria that are currently used to verify claims for the discovery of a new element were set down by the comprehensive work of a Transfermium Working Group, TWG, jointly established by IUPAC and IUPAP. The recent completion of the naming of the 118 elements in the first seven periods of the Periodic Table of the Elements was considered as an opportunity for a review of these criteria in the light of the experimental and theoretical advances in the field. In late 2016 the Unions decided to establish a new Joint Working Group, JWG, consisting of six members determined by the Unions. A first meeting of the JWG was in May 2017. One year later this report was finished. In a first part the works and conclusions of the TWG and the Joint Working Parties, JWP, deciding on the discovery of the now named elements are summarized. Possible experimental developments for production and identification of new elements beyond the presently known ones are estimated. Criteria and guidelines for establishing priority of discovery of these potential new elements are presented. Special emphasis is given to a description for the application of the criteria and the limits for their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Hofmann
- Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung , Planckstrasse 1 , 64291 Darmstadt, Hessen , Germany
| | - Sergey N. Dmitriev
- Director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, FLNR , Dubna , Russia
| | - Claes Fahlander
- Professor of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118 , Lund , Sweden
| | - Jacklyn M. Gates
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - James B. Roberto
- Associate Laboratory Director Emeritus, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, TN , USA
| | - Hideyuki Sakai
- Special Advisor , RIKEN Nishina Center , Wako, Saitama , Japan
- Professor Emeritus , The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Tokyo , Japan
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Hofmann S, Dmitriev SN, Fahlander C, Gates JM, Roberto JB, Sakai H. On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Provisional Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Almost thirty years ago the criteria that are currently used to verify claims for the discovery of a new element were set down by the comprehensive work of a Transfermium Working Group, TWG, jointly established by IUPAC and IUPAP. The recent completion of the naming of the 118 elements in the first seven periods of the Periodic Table of the Elements was considered as an opportunity for a review of these criteria in the light of the experimental and theoretical advances in the field. In late 2016 the Unions decided to establish a new Joint Working Group, JWG, consisting of six members determined by the Unions. A first meeting of the JWG was in May 2017. One year later this report was finished. In a first part the works and conclusions of the TWG and the Joint Working Parties, JWP, deciding on the discovery of the now named elements are summarized. Possible experimental developments for production and identification of new elements beyond the presently known ones are estimated. Criteria and guidelines for establishing priority of discovery of these potential new elements are presented. Special emphasis is given to a description for the application of the criteria and the limits for their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Hofmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung , Planckstrasse 1 , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Sergey N. Dmitriev
- Director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) , Dubna, Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Claes Fahlander
- Professor of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118 , Lund , Sweden
| | - Jacklyn M. Gates
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - James B. Roberto
- Associate Laboratory Director Emeritus, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | - Hideyuki Sakai
- Special Advisor , RIKEN Nishina Center , Wako, Saitama , Japan ; and Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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Brox J, Kiefer P, Bujak M, Schaetz T, Landa H. Spectroscopy and Directed Transport of Topological Solitons in Crystals of Trapped Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:153602. [PMID: 29077428 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.153602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally and theoretically discrete solitons in crystalline structures consisting of several tens of laser-cooled ions confined in a radio frequency trap. Resonantly exciting localized, spectrally gapped vibrational modes of the soliton, a nonlinear mechanism leads to a nonequilibrium steady state of the continuously cooled crystal. We find that the propagation and the escape of the soliton out of its quasi-one-dimensional channel can be described as a thermal activation mechanism. We control the effective temperature of the soliton's collective coordinate by the amplitude of the external excitation. Furthermore, the global trapping potential permits controlling the soliton dynamics and realizing directed transport depending on its topological charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brox
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Kiefer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Bujak
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Schaetz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Landa
- LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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Landa H, Retzker A, Schaetz T, Reznik B. Entanglement generation using discrete solitons in Coulomb crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:053001. [PMID: 25126914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Laser-cooled and trapped ions can crystallize and feature discrete solitons that are nonlinear, topologically protected configurations of the Coulomb crystal. Such solitons, as their continuum counterparts, can move within the crystal, while their discreteness leads to the existence of a gap-separated, spatially localized motional mode of oscillation above the spectrum. Suggesting that these unique properties of discrete solitons can be used for generating entanglement between different sites of the crystal, we study a detailed proposal in the context of state-of-the-art experimental techniques. We analyze the interaction of periodically driven planar ion crystals with optical forces, revealing the effects of micromotion in radio-frequency traps inherent to such structures, as opposed to linear ion chains. The proposed method requires Doppler cooling of the crystal and sideband cooling of the soliton's localized modes alone. Since the gap separation of the latter is nearly independent of the crystal size, this approach could be particularly useful for producing entanglement and studying system-environment interactions in large, two- and possibly three-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Landa
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel and Université Paris Sud, CNRS, LPTMS, UMR 8626, Orsay 91405, France
| | - A Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Givat Ram, Israel
| | - T Schaetz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Reznik
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Mielenz M, Brox J, Kahra S, Leschhorn G, Albert M, Schaetz T, Landa H, Reznik B. Trapping of topological-structural defects in Coulomb crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:133004. [PMID: 23581315 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.133004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally and theoretically structural defects which are formed during the transition from a laser cooled cloud to a Coulomb crystal, consisting of tens of ions in a linear radio frequency trap. We demonstrate the creation of predicted topological defects ("kinks") in purely two-dimensional crystals and also find kinks which show novel dynamical features in a regime of parameters not considered before. The kinks are always observed at the center of the trap, showing a large nonlinear localized excitation, and the probability of their occurrence saturates at ∼0.5. Simulations reveal a strong anharmonicity of the kink's internal mode of vibration, due to the kink's extension into three dimensions. As a consequence, the periodic Peierls-Nabarro potential experienced by a discrete kink becomes a globally confining potential, capable of trapping one cooled defect at the center of the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mielenz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Schneider C, Porras D, Schaetz T. Experimental quantum simulations of many-body physics with trapped ions. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:024401. [PMID: 22790343 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/2/024401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct experimental access to some of the most intriguing quantum phenomena is not granted due to the lack of precise control of the relevant parameters in their naturally intricate environment. Their simulation on conventional computers is impossible, since quantum behaviour arising with superposition states or entanglement is not efficiently translatable into the classical language. However, one could gain deeper insight into complex quantum dynamics by experimentally simulating the quantum behaviour of interest in another quantum system, where the relevant parameters and interactions can be controlled and robust effects detected sufficiently well. Systems of trapped ions provide unique control of both the internal (electronic) and external (motional) degrees of freedom. The mutual Coulomb interaction between the ions allows for large interaction strengths at comparatively large mutual ion distances enabling individual control and readout. Systems of trapped ions therefore exhibit a prominent system in several physical disciplines, for example, quantum information processing or metrology. Here, we will give an overview of different trapping techniques of ions as well as implementations for coherent manipulation of their quantum states and discuss the related theoretical basics. We then report on the experimental and theoretical progress in simulating quantum many-body physics with trapped ions and present current approaches for scaling up to more ions and more-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Schneider
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Nisoli C. Spiraling solitons: A continuum model for dynamical phyllotaxis of physical systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:026110. [PMID: 19792203 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.026110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A protean topological soliton has recently been shown to emerge in systems of repulsive particles in cylindrical geometries, whose statics is described by the number-theoretical objects of phyllotaxis. Here, we present a minimal and local continuum model that can explain many of the features of the phyllotactic soliton, such as locked speed, screw shift, energy transport, and--for Wigner crystal on a nanotube--charge transport. The treatment is general and should apply to other spiraling systems. Unlike, e.g., sine-Gordon-like systems, our soliton can exist between nondegenerate structures and its dynamics extends to the domains it separates; we also predict pulses, both static and dynamic. Applications include charge transport in Wigner Crystals on nanotubes or A - to B -DNA transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Nisoli
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Nisoli C, Gabor NM, Lammert PE, Maynard JD, Crespi VH. Static and dynamical phyllotaxis in a magnetic cactus. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:186103. [PMID: 19518890 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.186103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While the statics of many simple physical systems reproduce the striking number-theoretical patterns found in the phyllotaxis of living beings, their dynamics reveal unusual excitations: multiple classical rotons and a large family of interconverting topological solitons. As we introduce those, we also demonstrate experimentally for the first time Levitov's celebrated model for phyllotaxis. Applications at different scales and in different areas of physics are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Nisoli
- CNLS and T-Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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