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Bureau L, Coupier G, Salez T. Lift at low Reynolds number. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:111. [PMID: 37957450 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Lift forces are widespread in hydrodynamics. These are typically observed for big and fast objects and are often associated with a combination of fluid inertia (i.e. large Reynolds numbers) and specific symmetry-breaking mechanisms. In contrast, the properties of viscosity-dominated (i.e. low Reynolds numbers) flows make it more difficult for such lift forces to emerge. However, the inclusion of boundary effects qualitatively changes this picture. Indeed, in the context of soft and biological matter, recent studies have revealed the emergence of novel lift forces generated by boundary softness, flow gradients and/or surface charges. The aim of the present review is to gather and analyse this corpus of literature, in order to identify and unify the questioning within the associated communities, and pave the way towards future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bureau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Thomas Salez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, 33400, Talence, France.
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Xiao W, Liu K, Lowengrub J, Li S, Zhao M. Three-dimensional numerical study on wrinkling of vesicles in elongation flow based on the immersed boundary method. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:035103. [PMID: 37072945 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.035103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
We study the wrinkling dynamics of three-dimensional vesicles in a time-dependent elongation flow by utilizing an immersed boundary method. For a quasispherical vesicle, our numerical results well match the predictions of perturbation analysis, where similar exponential relationships between wrinkles' characteristic wavelength and the flow strength are observed. Using the same parameters as in the experiments by Kantsler et al. [V. Kantsler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 178102 (2007)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.99.178102], our simulations of an elongated vesicle are in good agreement with their results. In addition, we get rich three-dimensional morphological details, which are favorable to comprehend the two-dimensional snapshots. This morphological information helps identify wrinkle patterns. We analyze the morphological evolution of wrinkles using spherical harmonics. We find discrepancies in elongated vesicle dynamics between simulations and perturbation analysis, highlighting the importance of the nonlinear effects. Finally, we investigate the unevenly distributed local surface tension, which largely determines the position of wrinkles excited on the vesicle membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Center for Mathematical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - John Lowengrub
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Shuwang Li
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Center for Mathematical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Alet AI, Batista da Silva MV, Castellini HV, Alet NA, Riquelme BD. In vitro alteration on erythrocytes mechanical properties by propofol, remifentanil and vecuronium. Microvasc Res 2021; 135:104132. [PMID: 33421433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies report flow disturbance and microcirculation disorders upon anesthesia treatment. These alterations are often related to blood rheology changes. In this work, it was attempted to make a detailed description of the alterations in erythrocyte mechanical properties by the action of propofol, remifentanil, and vecuronium. For this, an in vitro study was performed on red blood cell samples from healthy donors incubated with solutions of propofol (4 μg/mL whole blood), remifentanil (10 ng/mL plasma), and vecuronium (0.15 μg/mL plasma). Erythrocyte viscoelastic parameters were determined by octuplicate using a Reómetro Eritrocitario. Also, a Wilcoxon signed rank-test with Yates correction for continuity was performed to analyze the overall alteration in the mechanical properties of erythrocytes. Statistical analysis showed that the three studied anesthetics changed the erythrocyte mechanical properties at different parts of the membrane. These results would imply an interaction of these anesthetics with the erythrocyte membrane. Finally, this could conduce to alterations in microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía I Alet
- Facultad Cs. Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 535, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Marcus V Batista da Silva
- Facultad Cs. Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 535, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Horacio V Castellini
- Facultad Cs. Exactas Ingeniería y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Pellegrini 250, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás A Alet
- Facultad Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Hospital Provincial del Centenario. Urquiza 3101, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Bibiana D Riquelme
- Facultad Cs. Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 535, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Grupo de Física Biomédica, IFIR (CONICET-UNR), Bv. 27 de febrero 210 bis, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Lafzi A, Raffiee AH, Dabiri S. Inertial migration of a deformable capsule in an oscillatory flow in a microchannel. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:063110. [PMID: 33466115 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.063110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dynamics of a deformable capsule in an oscillatory flow of a Newtonian fluid in a microchannel has been studied numerically. The effects of oscillation frequency, capsule deformability, and channel flow rate have been explored by simulating the capsule within a microchannel. In addition, the simulation captures the effect of the type of imposed pressure oscillations on the migration pattern of the capsule. An oscillatory channel flow enables the focusing of extremely small biological particles by eliminating the need to design impractically long channels. The presented results show that the equilibrium position of the capsule changes not only by the addition of an oscillatory component to the pressure gradient but it also is influenced by the capsule deformability and channel flow rate. Furthermore, it has been shown that the amplitude of oscillation of capsules decreases as the channel flow rate and the rigidity of the capsule increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Lafzi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Raffiee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sadegh Dabiri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Guckenberger A, Gekle S. Theory and algorithms to compute Helfrich bending forces: a review. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:203001. [PMID: 28240220 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes are vital to shield a cell's interior from the environment. At the same time they determine to a large extent the cell's mechanical resistance to external forces. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the accurate computational modeling of such membranes, driven mainly by the amazing variety of shapes that red blood cells and model systems such as vesicles can assume in external flows. Given that the typical height of a membrane is only a few nanometers while the surface of the cell extends over many micrometers, physical modeling approaches mostly consider the interface as a two-dimensional elastic continuum. Here we review recent modeling efforts focusing on one of the computationally most intricate components, namely the membrane's bending resistance. We start with a short background on the most widely used bending model due to Helfrich. While the Helfrich bending energy by itself is an extremely simple model equation, the computation of the resulting forces is far from trivial. At the heart of these difficulties lies the fact that the forces involve second order derivatives of the local surface curvature which by itself is the second derivative of the membrane geometry. We systematically derive and compare the different routes to obtain bending forces from the Helfrich energy, namely the variational approach and the thin-shell theory. While both routes lead to mathematically identical expressions, so-called linear bending models are shown to reproduce only the leading order term while higher orders differ. The main part of the review contains a description of various computational strategies which we classify into three categories: the force, the strong and the weak formulation. We finally give some examples for the application of these strategies in actual simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Guckenberger
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Germany
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Abreu D, Levant M, Steinberg V, Seifert U. Fluid vesicles in flow. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 208:129-41. [PMID: 24630339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We review the dynamical behavior of giant fluid vesicles in various types of external hydrodynamic flow. The interplay between stresses arising from membrane elasticity, hydrodynamic flows, and the ever present thermal fluctuations leads to a rich phenomenology. In linear flows with both rotational and elongational components, the properties of the tank-treading and tumbling motions are now well described by theoretical and numerical models. At the transition between these two regimes, strong shape deformations and amplification of thermal fluctuations generate a new regime called trembling. In this regime, the vesicle orientation oscillates quasi-periodically around the flow direction while asymmetric deformations occur. For strong enough flows, small-wavelength deformations like wrinkles are observed, similar to what happens in a suddenly reversed elongational flow. In steady elongational flow, vesicles with large excess areas deform into dumbbells at large flow rates and pearling occurs for even stronger flows. In capillary flows with parabolic flow profile, single vesicles migrate towards the center of the channel, where they adopt symmetric shapes, for two reasons. First, walls exert a hydrodynamic lift force which pushes them away. Second, shear stresses are minimal at the tip of the flow. However, symmetry is broken for vesicles with large excess areas, which flow off-center and deform asymmetrically. In suspensions, hydrodynamic interactions between vesicles add up to these two effects, making it challenging to deduce rheological properties from the dynamics of individual vesicles. Further investigations of vesicles and similar objects and their suspensions in steady or time-dependent flow will shed light on phenomena such as blood flow.
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Abreu D, Seifert U. Effect of thermal noise on vesicles and capsules in shear flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:010902. [PMID: 23005361 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We add thermal noise consistently to reduced models of undeformable vesicles and capsules in shear flow and derive analytically the corresponding stochastic equations of motion. We calculate the steady-state probability distribution function and construct the corresponding phase diagrams for the different dynamical regimes. For fluid vesicles, we predict that at small shear rates thermal fluctuations induce a tumbling motion for any viscosity contrast. For elastic capsules, due to thermal mixing, an intermittent regime appears in regions where deterministic models predict only pure tank treading or tumbling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Abreu
- II Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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Finken R, Kessler S, Seifert U. Micro-capsules in shear flow. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:184113. [PMID: 21508479 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/18/184113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with flow-induced shape changes of elastic capsules. The state of the art concerning both theory and experiments is briefly reviewed starting with dynamically induced small deformation of initially spherical capsules and the formation of wrinkles on polymerized membranes. Initially non-spherical capsules show tumbling and tank-treading motion in shear flow. Theoretical descriptions of the transition between these two types of motion assuming a fixed shape are at odds with the full capsule dynamics obtained numerically. To resolve the discrepancy, we expand the exact equations of motion for small deformations and find that shape changes play a dominant role. We classify the dynamical phase transitions and obtain numerical and analytical results for the phase boundaries as a function of viscosity contrast, shear and elongational flow rate. We conclude with perspectives on time-dependent flow, on shear-induced unbinding from surfaces, on the role of thermal fluctuations and on applying the concepts of stochastic thermodynamics to these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finken
- II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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