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Hafez A, Liu Q, Santamarina JC. Self-assembly of millimeter-scale magnetic particles in suspension. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6935-6941. [PMID: 34105574 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is ubiquitous at all scales in nature. Most studies have focused on the self-assembly of micron-scale and nano-scale components. In this study, we explore the self-assembly of millimeter-scale magnetic particles in a bubble-column reactor to form 9 different structures. Two component systems (N-N and S-S particles) assemble faster than one-component systems (all particles have N-S poles) because they have more numerous bonding pathways. In addition, two-components add control to process initiation and evolution, and enable the formation of complex structures such as squares, tetrahedra and cubes. Self-assembly is collision-limited, thus, the formation time increases with the total number of bonds required to form the structure and the injected power. The dimensionless Mason number captures the interplay between hydrodynamic forces and magnetic interactions: self-assembly is most efficient at intermediate Mason numbers (the system is quasi-static at low Mason numbers with limited chances for particle interaction; on the other hand, hydrodynamic forces prevail over dipole-dipole interactions and hinder bonding at high Mason numbers). Two strategies to improve yield involve (1) the inclusion of pre-assembled nucleation templates to prevent the formation of incorrect initial structures that lead to kinetic traps, and (2) the presence of boundaries to geometrically filter unwanted configurations and to overcome kinetic traps through particle-wall collisions. Yield maximization involves system operation at an optimal Mason number, the inclusion of nucleation templates and the use of engineered boundaries (size and shape).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hafez
- Earth Science and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Qi Liu
- Earth Science and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Kodakkadan YNV, Maslen C, Cigler P, Štěpánek F, Rehor I. Friction-directed self-assembly of Janus lithographic microgels into anisotropic 2D structures. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4718-4725. [PMID: 34076033 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a method for creating ordered 2D structures with material anisotropy from self-assembling micro-sized hydrogel particles (microgels). Microgel platelets of polygonal shapes (hexagon, square, and rhombus), obtained by a continuous scalable lithographic process, are suspended in an aqueous environment and sediment on an inclined plane. As a consequence of gravitational pull, they slide over the plane. Each half of the microgel is composed of a different type of hydrogel [poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), respectively] which exhibit different frictional coefficients when sheared over a substrate. Hence the microgels self-orientate as they slide, and the side with the lower frictional coefficient positions in the direction of sliding. The self-oriented microgels concentrate at the bottom of the tilted plane. Here they form densely packed structures with translational as well as orientational order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlie Maslen
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Rehor
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic. and Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Xu D, Shi R, Sun ZY, Lu ZY. Mechanism of periodic field driven self-assembly process. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:144904. [PMID: 33858165 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissipative self-assembly, a ubiquitous type of self-assembly in biological systems, has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Inspired by nature, dissipative self-assembly driven by periodic external fields is often adopted to obtain controlled out-of-equilibrium steady structures and materials in experiments. Although the phenomena in dissipative self-assembly have been discovered in the past few decades, fundamental methods to describe dynamical self-assembly processes and responsiveness are still lacking. Here, we develop a theoretical framework based on the equations of motion and Floquet theory to reveal the dynamic behavior changing with frequency in the periodic external field driven self-assembly. Using the dissipative particle dynamics simulation method, we then construct a block copolymer model that can self-assemble in dilute solution to confirm the conclusions from the theory. Our theoretical framework facilitates the understanding of dynamic behavior in a periodically driven process and provides the theoretical guidance for designing the dissipative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Rui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Ipparthi D, Winslow A, Sitti M, Dorigo M, Mastrangeli M. Yield prediction in parallel homogeneous assembly. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7595-7608. [PMID: 28975956 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01189j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the parallel assembly of two-dimensional, geometrically-closed modular target structures out of homogeneous sets of macroscopic components of varying anisotropy. The yield predicted by a chemical reaction network (CRN)-based model is quantitatively shown to reproduce experimental results over a large set of conditions. Scaling laws for parallel assembling systems are then derived from the model. By extending the validity of the CRN-based modelling, this work prompts analysis and solutions to the incompatible substructure problem.
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5
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Vledouts A, Vandenberghe N, Villermaux E. Fragmentation as an aggregation process. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When severely impacted, a cohesive object deforms and eventually breaks into fragments. Cohesion forces keeping the material together and momentum driving the fragmentation couple through a complicated process involving crack propagation on a deforming substrate, so that a comprehensive scenario for the build-up of the full fragment size distribution of broken objects is still lacking. We use necklaces of cohesive particles (magnetized spheres) as an experimental model of a one-dimensional material, which we expand radially in an impulsive way. Exploring in real time the intermediate state where the particles are no longer in contact, but still in interaction as they separate, we demonstrate that the final fragments result from the self-assembly of individual particles and that their size distribution converges to a stable self-similar distribution whose parameters, interpreted from first principles, depend on the expansion and cohesion strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vledouts
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE UMR 7342, Marseille 13384, France
| | - N. Vandenberghe
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE UMR 7342, Marseille 13384, France
| | - E. Villermaux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE UMR 7342, Marseille 13384, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75005, France
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6
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Meshing complex macro-scale objects into self-assembling bricks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12257. [PMID: 26226488 PMCID: PMC4520187 DOI: 10.1038/srep12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly provides an information-economical route to the fabrication of objects at virtually all scales. However, there is no known algorithm to program self-assembly in macro-scale, solid, complex 3D objects. Here such an algorithm is described, which is inspired by the molecular assembly of DNA, and based on bricks designed by tetrahedral meshing of arbitrary objects. Assembly rules are encoded by topographic cues imprinted on brick faces while attraction between bricks is provided by embedded magnets. The bricks can then be mixed in a container and agitated, leading to properly assembled objects at high yields and zero errors. The system and its assembly dynamics were characterized by video and audio analysis, enabling the precise time- and space-resolved characterization of its performance and accuracy. Improved designs inspired by our system could lead to successful implementation of self-assembly at the macro-scale, allowing rapid, on-demand fabrication of objects without the need for assembly lines.
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Das P, Yuran S, Yan J, Lee PS, Reches M. Sticky tubes and magnetic hydrogels co-assembled by a short peptide and melanin-like nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5432-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07671k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The co-assembly of peptide monomers and polydopamine-based nanoparticles leads to the formation of either tubular structures decorated with adhesive particles or magnetic hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadip Das
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Sivan Yuran
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Jian Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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Ahmed S, Gentekos DT, Fink CA, Mallouk TE. Self-assembly of nanorod motors into geometrically regular multimers and their propulsion by ultrasound. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11053-60. [PMID: 25247764 DOI: 10.1021/nn5039614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Segmented gold-ruthenium nanorods (300 ± 30 nm in diameter and 2.0 ± 0.2 μm in length) with thin Ni segments at one end assemble into few-particle, geometrically regular dimers, trimers, and higher multimers while levitated in water by ∼4 MHz ultrasound at the midpoint of a cylindrical acoustic cell. The assembly of the nanorods into multimers is controlled by interactions between the ferromagnetic Ni segments. These assemblies are propelled autonomously in fluids by excitation with ∼4 MHz ultrasound and exhibit several distinct modes of motion. Multimer assembly and disassembly are dynamic in the ultrasonic field. The relative numbers of monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher multimers are dependent upon the number density of particles in the fluid and their speed, which is in turn determined by the ultrasonic power applied. The magnetic binding energy of the multimers estimated from their speed-dependent equilibria is in agreement with the calculated strength of the magnetic dipole interactions. These autonomously propelled multimers can also be steered with an external magnetic field and remain intact after removal from the acoustic chamber for SEM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ahmed
- Departments of Chemistry, §Physics, and ∥Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 United States
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Wang S, Wolynes PG. Communication: Effective temperature and glassy dynamics of active matter. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:051101. [PMID: 21823683 DOI: 10.1063/1.3624753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic expansion of the many-body master equation for active matter, in which motors power configurational changes as in the cytoskeleton, is shown to yield a description of the steady state and responses in terms of an effective temperature. The effective temperature depends on the susceptibility of the motors and a Peclet number which measures their strength relative to thermal Brownian diffusion. The analytic prediction is shown to agree with previous numerical simulations and experiments. The mapping also establishes a description of aging in active matter that is also kinetically jammed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Wang
- Department of Physics, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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