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Grossmann I, Weststrate NM, Ardelt M, Brienza JP, Dong M, Ferrari M, Fournier MA, Hu CS, Nusbaum HC, Vervaeke J. The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Justin P. Brienza
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengxi Dong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc A. Fournier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao S. Hu
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Howard C. Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Vervaeke
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Daly AJ, Baetens JM, De Baets B. The impact of resource dependence of the mechanisms of life on the spatial population dynamics of an in silico microbial community. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2016; 26:123121. [PMID: 28039986 DOI: 10.1063/1.4972788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity has a critical impact on ecosystem functionality and stability, and thus the current biodiversity crisis has motivated many studies of the mechanisms that sustain biodiversity, a notable example being non-transitive or cyclic competition. We therefore extend existing microscopic models of communities with cyclic competition by incorporating resource dependence in demographic processes, characteristics of natural systems often oversimplified or overlooked by modellers. The spatially explicit nature of our individual-based model of three interacting species results in the formation of stable spatial structures, which have significant effects on community functioning, in agreement with experimental observations of pattern formation in microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling J Daly
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jan M Baetens
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Bernard De Baets
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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Daly AJ, Baetens JM, De Baets B. In silico substrate dependence increases community productivity but threatens biodiversity. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:042414. [PMID: 27176336 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.042414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The critical role that biodiversity plays in ecosystem functioning has motivated many studies of the mechanisms that sustain biodiversity, a notable example being cyclic competition. We extend existing models of communities with cyclic competition by incorporating variable community evenness and resource dependence in demographic processes, two features that have generally been neglected. In this way, we align previous approaches more closely with real-world microbial ecosystems. We demonstrate the existence of a trade-off between increasing biomass production and maintaining biodiversity. This supports experimental observations of a net negative biodiversity effect on biomass productivity, due to competition effects suffered by highly productive species in diverse communities. Our results also support the important role assigned by microbial ecologists to evenness in maintaining ecosystem stability, thus far largely overlooked in in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling J Daly
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan M Baetens
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard De Baets
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Niklas KJ, Kutschera U. Amphimixis and the individual in evolving populations: does Weismann's Doctrine apply to all, most or a few organisms? Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:357-72. [PMID: 24633620 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The German biologist August Weismann (1834-1914) proposed that amphimixis (sexual reproduction) creates variability for natural selection to act upon, and hence he became one of the founders of the Neo-Darwinian theory of biological evolution. He is perhaps best known for what is called "Weismann's Doctrine" or "Weismann's Barrier" (i.e. the irreversible separation of somatic and germ cell functionalities early during ontogeny in multicellular organisms). This concept provided an unassailable argument against "soft inheritance" sensu Lamarck and informed subsequent theorists that the only "individual" in the context of evolution is the mature, reproductive organism. Herein, we review representative model organisms whose embryology conforms to Weismann's Doctrine (e.g. flies and mammals) and those that do not (e.g. freshwater hydroids and plants) based on this survey and the Five Kingdoms of Life scheme; we point out that most species (notably bacteria, fungi, protists and plants) are "non-Weismannian" in ways that make a canonical definition of the "individual" problematic if not impossible. We also review critical life history functional traits that allow us to create a matrix of all theoretically conceivable life cycles (for eukaryotic algae, embryophytes, fungi and animals), which permits us to establish where this scheme Weismann's Doctrine holds true and where it does not. In addition, we argue that bacteria, the dominant organisms of the biosphere, exist in super-cellular biofilms but rarely as single (planktonic) microbes. Our analysis attempts to show that competition among genomic variants in cell lineages played a critical part in the evolution of multicellularity and life cycle diversity. This feature was largely ignored during the formulation of the synthetic theory of biological evolution and its subsequent elaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14893, USA,
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Chen X, Perc M. Excessive abundance of common resources deters social responsibility. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4161. [PMID: 24561876 PMCID: PMC3932447 DOI: 10.1038/srep04161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the evolution of cooperation in the collective-risk social dilemma game, where the risk is determined by a collective target that must be reached with individual contributions. All players initially receive endowments from the available amount of common resources. While cooperators contribute part of their endowment to the collective target, defectors do not. If the target is not reached, the endowments of all players are lost. In our model, we introduce a feedback between the amount of common resources and the contributions of cooperators. We show that cooperation can be sustained only if the common resources are preserved but never excessively abound. This, however, requires a delicate balance between the amount of common resources that initially exist, and the amount cooperators contribute to the collective target. Exceeding critical thresholds in either of the two amounts leads to loss of cooperation, and consequently to the depletion of common resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Chen
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Wu ZX, Yang HX. Social dilemma alleviated by sharing the gains with immediate neighbors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:012109. [PMID: 24580174 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.012109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the evolution of cooperation in the evolutionary spatial prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) and snowdrift game (SG), within which a fraction α of the payoffs of each player gained from direct game interactions is shared equally by the immediate neighbors. The magnitude of the parameter α therefore characterizes the degree of the relatedness among the neighboring players. By means of extensive Monte Carlo simulations as well as an extended mean-field approximation method, we trace the frequency of cooperation in the stationary state. We find that plugging into relatedness can significantly promote the evolution of cooperation in the context of both studied games. Unexpectedly, cooperation can be more readily established in the spatial PDG than that in the spatial SG, given that the degree of relatedness and the cost-to-benefit ratio of mutual cooperation are properly formulated. The relevance of our model with the stakeholder theory is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xi Wu
- Institute of Computational Physics and Complex Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China
| | - Han-Xin Yang
- Department of Physics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Ferreira FF, Campos PRA. Multilevel selection in a resource-based model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:014101. [PMID: 23944591 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.014101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we investigate the emergence of cooperation in a multilevel selection model that assumes limiting resources. Following the work by R. J. Requejo and J. Camacho [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 038701 (2012)], the interaction among individuals is initially ruled by a prisoner's dilemma (PD) game. The payoff matrix may change, influenced by the resource availability, and hence may also evolve to a non-PD game. Furthermore, one assumes that the population is divided into groups, whose local dynamics is driven by the payoff matrix, whereas an intergroup competition results from the nonuniformity of the growth rate of groups. We study the probability that a single cooperator can invade and establish in a population initially dominated by defectors. Cooperation is strongly favored when group sizes are small. We observe the existence of a critical group size beyond which cooperation becomes counterselected. Although the critical size depends on the parameters of the model, it is seen that a saturation value for the critical group size is achieved. The results conform to the thought that the evolutionary history of life repeatedly involved transitions from smaller selective units to larger selective units.
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