1
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Niblo JK, Swartley JR, Zhang Z, DuBay KH. 2D capsid formation within an oscillatory energy landscape: orderly self-assembly depends on the interplay between a dynamic potential and intrinsic relaxation times. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6702-6713. [PMID: 39046256 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiple dissipative self-assembly protocols designed to create novel structures or to reduce kinetic traps have recently emerged. Specifically, temporal oscillations of particle interactions have been shown effective at both aims, but investigations thus far have focused on systems of simple colloids or their binary mixtures. In this work, we expand our understanding of the effect of temporally oscillating interactions to a two-dimensional coarse-grained viral capsid-like model that undergoes a self-limited assembly. This model includes multiple intrinsic relaxation times due to the internal structure of the capsid subunits and, under certain interaction regimes, proceeds via a two-step nucleation mechanism. We find that oscillations much faster than the local intrinsic relaxation times can be described via a time averaged inter-particle potential across a wide range of interaction strengths, while oscillations much slower than these relaxation times result in structures that adapt to the attraction strength of the current half-cycle. Interestingly, oscillation periods similar to these relaxation times shift the interaction window over which orderly assembly occurs by enabling error correction during the half-cycles with weaker attractions. Our results provide fundamental insights to non-equilibrium self-assembly on temporally variant energy landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Niblo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22903-4319, USA.
| | - Jacob R Swartley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22903-4319, USA.
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Kateri H DuBay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22903-4319, USA.
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2
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Torrik A, Naji A, Zarif M. Dimeric colloidal inclusion in a chiral active bath: Effective interactions and chirality-induced torque. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:064610. [PMID: 35030934 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.064610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal inclusions suspended in a bath of smaller particles experience an effective bath-mediated attraction at small intersurface separations, which is known as the depletion interaction. In an active bath of nonchiral self-propelled particles, the effective force changes from attraction to repulsion, an effect that is suppressed when the active bath particles are chiral. Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we study the effects of channel confinement and bath chirality on the effective forces and torques that are mediated between two inclusions that may be fixed within the channel or may be allowed to rotate freely as a rigid dimer around its center of mass. We show that the confinement has a strong effect on the effective interactions, depending on the orientation of the dimer relative to the channel walls. The active particle chirality leads to a force imbalance and, hence, a net torque on the inclusion dimer, which we investigate as a function of the bath chirality strength and the channel height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhalim Torrik
- Department of Physical and Computational Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-9411, Iran
| | - Ali Naji
- School of Nano Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zarif
- Department of Physical and Computational Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-9411, Iran
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3
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Heckel S, Grauer J, Semmler M, Gemming T, Löwen H, Liebchen B, Simmchen J. Active Assembly of Spheroidal Photocatalytic BiVO 4 Microswimmers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12473-12480. [PMID: 32825804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We create single-component photocatalytic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) microswimmers with a spheroidal shape that move individually upon irradiation without any asymmetrization step. These particles form active assemblies which we investigate combining an experimental approach with numerical simulations and analytical calculations. We systematically explore the speed and assembly of the swimmers into clusters of up to four particles and find excellent agreement between experiment and theory, which helps us to understand motion patterns and speed trends. Moreover, different batches of particles can be functionalized separately, making them ideal candidates to fulfill a multitude of tasks, such as sensing or environmental remediation. To exemplify this, we coat our swimmers with silica (SiO2) and selectively couple some of their modules to fluorophores in a way which does not inhibit self-propulsion. The present work establishes spheroidal BiVO4 microswimmers as a versatile platform to design multifunctional microswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heckel
- Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Grauer
- Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Semmler
- Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Institute of Complex Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Juliane Simmchen
- Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Mallory SA, Bowers ML, Cacciuto A. Universal reshaping of arrested colloidal gels via active doping. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:084901. [PMID: 32872893 DOI: 10.1063/5.0016514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloids that interact via a short-range attraction serve as the primary building blocks for a broad range of self-assembled materials. However, one of the well-known drawbacks to this strategy is that these building blocks rapidly and readily condense into a metastable colloidal gel. Using computer simulations, we illustrate how the addition of a small fraction of purely repulsive self-propelled colloids, a technique referred to as active doping, can prevent the formation of this metastable gel state and drive the system toward its thermodynamically favored crystalline target structure. The simplicity and robust nature of this strategy offers a systematic and generic pathway to improving the self-assembly of a large number of complex colloidal structures. We discuss in detail the process by which this feat is accomplished and provide quantitative metrics for exploiting it to modulate the self-assembly. We provide evidence for the generic nature of this approach by demonstrating that it remains robust under a number of different anisotropic short-ranged pair interactions in both two and three dimensions. In addition, we report on a novel microphase in mixtures of passive and active colloids. For a broad range of self-propelling velocities, it is possible to stabilize a suspension of fairly monodisperse finite-size crystallites. Surprisingly, this microphase is also insensitive to the underlying pair interaction between building blocks. The active stabilization of these moderately sized monodisperse clusters is quite remarkable and should be of great utility in the design of hierarchical self-assembly strategies. This work further bolsters the notion that active forces can play a pivotal role in directing colloidal self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mallory
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M L Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - A Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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5
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Aldana M, Fuentes-Cabrera M, Zumaya M. Self-Propulsion Enhances Polymerization. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22020251. [PMID: 33286025 PMCID: PMC7516688 DOI: 10.3390/e22020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly is a spontaneous process through which macroscopic structures are formed from basic microscopic constituents (e.g., molecules or colloids). By contrast, the formation of large biological molecules inside the cell (such as proteins or nucleic acids) is a process more akin to self-organization than to self-assembly, as it requires a constant supply of external energy. Recent studies have tried to merge self-assembly with self-organization by analyzing the assembly of self-propelled (or active) colloid-like particles whose motion is driven by a permanent source of energy. Here we present evidence that points to the fact that self-propulsion considerably enhances the assembly of polymers: self-propelled molecules are found to assemble faster into polymer-like structures than non self-propelled ones. The average polymer length increases towards a maximum as the self-propulsion force increases. Beyond this maximum, the average polymer length decreases due to the competition between bonding energy and disruptive forces that result from collisions. The assembly of active molecules might have promoted the formation of large pre-biotic polymers that could be the precursors of the informational polymers we observe nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximino Aldana
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-777-329-1787
| | - Miguel Fuentes-Cabrera
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Martín Zumaya
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Gou Y, Jiang H, Hou Z. Assembled superlattice with dynamic chirality in a mixture of biased-active and passive particles. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9104-9110. [PMID: 31660576 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00551j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a general model of biased-active particles (BAPs) with anisotropic interactions, where the direction of the active force has a nonzero biased angle from the principal orientation of the anisotropic interaction between particles, and investigate the self-assembly behaviors of a mixture of BAPs with passive particles by using Langevin dynamics simulations. Remarkably, a highly ordered superlattice consisting of small hexagonal clusters with dynamic chirality emerges within a proper range of active force, given that the biased angle is not too small. In addition, there exists an optimal level of particle activity, being dependent on the biased-angle, which is the most favorable for both the long-range order and global dynamic chirality of the system. Our results demonstrate that fascinating collective behaviors can be explored through a proper design of new active particle models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Gou
- Department of Chemical Physics & Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Huijun Jiang
- Department of Chemical Physics & Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhonghuai Hou
- Department of Chemical Physics & Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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7
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Du Y, Jiang H, Hou Z. Self-assembly of active core corona particles into highly ordered and self-healing structures. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:154904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales and Department of Chemical Physics, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huijun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales and Department of Chemical Physics, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhonghuai Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales and Department of Chemical Physics, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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8
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Das S, Cacciuto A. Deviations from Blob Scaling Theory for Active Brownian Filaments Confined Within Cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:087802. [PMID: 31491198 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.087802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scaling arguments used to predict the radius of gyration of passive self-avoiding flexible polymers have been shown to hold for polymers under the influence of active fluctuations. In this Letter, we establish how the standard blob scaling theory representation of a polymer, capable of capturing the essential physics of passive polymers under a variety of settings, breaks down when dealing with active polymers under confinement. Using numerical simulations, we show how the predicted exponents associated to the forces applied by a polymer when restricted within cavities of different geometries hold only whenever the persistence length generated on the polymer by the active forces is much smaller than the size of the characteristic blob in the scaling theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Das
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - A Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
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9
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Das S, Lee Bowers M, Bakker C, Cacciuto A. Active sculpting of colloidal crystals. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:134505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5082949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Das
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - M. Lee Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - C. Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - A. Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
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10
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Angelani L. Spontaneous assembly of colloidal vesicles driven by active swimmers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:075101. [PMID: 30523954 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We explore the self-assembly process of colloidal structures immersed in active baths. By considering low-valence particles we numerically investigate the irreversible aggregation dynamics originated by the presence of run-and-tumble swimmers. We observe the formation of long closed chains-vesicles-densely filled by active swimmers. On the one hand the active bath drives the self-assembly of closed colloidal structures, and on the other hand the vesicles formation fosters the self-trapping of swimmers, suggesting new ways both to build structured nanomaterials and to trap microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Angelani
- ISC-CNR, Institute for Complex Systems, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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11
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Mallory SA, Cacciuto A. Activity-Enhanced Self-Assembly of a Colloidal Kagome Lattice. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2500-2507. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart A. Mallory
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Angelo Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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12
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Omar AK, Wu Y, Wang ZG, Brady JF. Swimming to Stability: Structural and Dynamical Control via Active Doping. ACS NANO 2019; 13:560-572. [PMID: 30592601 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
External fields can decidedly alter the free energy landscape of soft materials and can be exploited as a powerful tool for the assembly of targeted nanostructures and colloidal materials. Here, we use computer simulations to demonstrate that nonequilibrium internal fields or forces-forces that are generated by driven components within a system-in the form of active particles can precisely modulate the dynamical free energy landscape of a model soft material, a colloidal gel. Embedding a small fraction of active particles within a gel can provide a unique pathway for the dynamically frustrated network to circumvent the kinetic barriers associated with reaching a lower free energy state through thermal fluctuations alone. Moreover, by carefully tuning the active particle properties (the propulsive swim force and persistence length) in comparison to those of the gel, the active particles may induce depletion-like forces between the constituent particles of the gel despite there being no geometric size asymmetry between the particles. These resulting forces can rapidly push the system toward disparate regions of phase space. Intriguingly, the state of the material can be altered by tuning macroscopic transport properties such as the solvent viscosity. Our findings highlight the potential wide-ranging structural and kinetic control facilitated by varying the dynamical properties of a remarkably small fraction of driven particles embedded in a host material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad K Omar
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Yanze Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - John F Brady
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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13
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Zumaya M, Larralde H, Aldana M. Delay in the dispersal of flocks moving in unbounded space using long-range interactions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15872. [PMID: 30367121 PMCID: PMC6203710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the pioneering work by Vicsek and his collaborators on the motion of self-propelled particles, most of the subsequent studies have focused on the onset of ordered states through a phase transition driven by particle density and noise. Usually, the particles in these systems are placed within periodic boundary conditions and interact via short-range velocity alignment forces. However, when the periodic boundaries are eliminated, letting the particles move in open space, the system is not able to organize into a coherently moving group since even small amounts of noise cause the flock to break apart. While the phase transition has been thoroughly studied, the conditions to keep the flock cohesive in open space are still poorly understood. Here we extend the Vicsek model of collective motion by introducing long-range alignment interactions between the particles. We show that just a small number of these interactions is enough for the system to build up long lasting ordered states of collective motion in open space and in the presence of noise. This finding was verified for other models in addition to the Vicsek one, suggesting its generality and revealing the importance that long-range interactions can have for the cohesion of the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Zumaya
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Código Postal, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Larralde
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Código Postal, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maximino Aldana
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Código Postal, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Valeriani
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angelo Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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15
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Zaeifi Yamchi M, Naji A. Effective interactions between inclusions in an active bath. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:194901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zaeifi Yamchi
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran
| | - Ali Naji
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran
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