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Abstract
Contact inhibition is a cell property that limits the migration and proliferation of cells in crowded environments. Here we investigate the growth dynamics of a cell colony composed of migrating and proliferating cells on a substrate using a minimal model that incorporates the mechanisms of contact inhibition of locomotion and proliferation. We find two distinct regimes. At early times, when contact inhibition is weak, the colony grows exponentially in time, fully characterised by the proliferation rate. At long times, the colony boundary moves at a constant speed, determined only by the migration speed of a single cell and independent of the proliferation rate. Further, the model demonstrates how cell-cell alignment speeds up colony growth. Our model illuminates how simple local mechanical interactions give rise to contact inhibition, and from this, how cell colony growth is self-organised and controlled on a local level.
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Alert R, Casademunt J. Role of Substrate Stiffness in Tissue Spreading: Wetting Transition and Tissue Durotaxis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7571-7577. [PMID: 30281318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Living tissues undergo wetting transitions: On a surface, they can either form a dropletlike cell aggregate or spread as a monolayer of migrating cells. Tissue wetting depends not only on the chemical but also on the mechanical properties of the substrate. Here, we study the role of substrate stiffness in tissue spreading, which we describe by means of an active polar fluid model. Taking into account that cells exert larger active traction forces on stiffer substrates, we predict a tissue wetting transition at a critical substrate stiffness that decreases with tissue size. On substrates with a stiffness gradient, we find that the tissue spreads faster on the stiffer side. Furthermore, we show that the tissue can wet the substrate on the stiffer side while dewetting from the softer side. We also show that, by means of viscous forces transmitted across the tissue, the stiffer-side interface can transiently drag the softer-side interface toward increasing stiffness, against its spreading tendency. These two effects result in directed tissue migration up the stiffness gradient. This phenomenon-tissue durotaxis-can thus emerge both from dewetting on the soft side and from hydrodynamic interactions between the tissue interfaces. Overall, our work unveils mechanisms whereby substrate stiffness impacts the collective migration and the active wetting properties of living tissues, which are relevant in development, regeneration, and cancer.
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Alert R, Blanch-Mercader C, Casademunt J. Active Fingering Instability in Tissue Spreading. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:088104. [PMID: 30932560 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.088104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During the spreading of epithelial tissues, the advancing tissue front often develops fingerlike protrusions. Their resemblance to traditional viscous fingering patterns in driven fluids suggests that epithelial fingers could arise from an interfacial instability. However, the existence and physical mechanism of such a putative instability remain unclear. Here, based on an active polar fluid model for epithelial spreading, we analytically predict a generic instability of the tissue front. On the one hand, active cellular traction forces impose a velocity gradient that leads to an accelerated front, which is, thus, unstable to long-wavelength perturbations. On the other hand, contractile intercellular stresses typically dominate over surface tension in stabilizing short-wavelength perturbations. Finally, the finite range of hydrodynamic interactions in the tissue selects a wavelength for the fingering pattern, which is, thus, given by the smallest between the tissue size and the hydrodynamic screening length. Overall, we show that spreading epithelia experience an active fingering instability based on a simple kinematic mechanism. Moreover, our results underscore the crucial role of long-range hydrodynamic interactions in the dynamics of tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Alert
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jaume Casademunt
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Banerjee S, Marchetti MC. Continuum Models of Collective Cell Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1146:45-66. [PMID: 31612453 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17593-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a central role in tissue development, morphogenesis, wound repair and cancer progression. With the growing realization that physical forces mediate cell motility in development and physiology, a key biological question is how cells integrate molecular activities for force generation on multicellular scales. In this review we discuss recent advances in modeling collective cell migration using quantitative tools and approaches rooted in soft matter physics. We focus on theoretical models of cell aggregates as continuous active media, where the feedback between mechanical forces and regulatory biochemistry gives rise to rich collective dynamical behavior. This class of models provides a powerful predictive framework for the physiological dynamics that underlies many developmental processes, where cells need to collectively migrate like a viscous fluid to reach a target region, and then stiffen to support mechanical stresses and maintain tissue cohesion.
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Tlili S, Gauquelin E, Li B, Cardoso O, Ladoux B, Delanoë-Ayari H, Graner F. Collective cell migration without proliferation: density determines cell velocity and wave velocity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172421. [PMID: 29892428 PMCID: PMC5990758 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration contributes to embryogenesis, wound healing and tumour metastasis. Cell monolayer migration experiments help in understanding what determines the movement of cells far from the leading edge. Inhibiting cell proliferation limits cell density increase and prevents jamming; we observe long-duration migration and quantify space-time characteristics of the velocity profile over large length scales and time scales. Velocity waves propagate backwards and their frequency depends only on cell density at the moving front. Both cell average velocity and wave velocity increase linearly with the cell effective radius regardless of the distance to the front. Inhibiting lamellipodia decreases cell velocity while waves either disappear or have a lower frequency. Our model combines conservation laws, monolayer mechanical properties and a phenomenological coupling between strain and polarity: advancing cells pull on their followers, which then become polarized. With reasonable values of parameters, this model agrees with several of our experimental observations. Together, our experiments and model disantangle the respective contributions of active velocity and of proliferation in monolayer migration, explain how cells maintain their polarity far from the moving front, and highlight the importance of strain-polarity coupling and density in long-range information propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham Tlili
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, Condorcet building, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Mechanobiology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 1, 117411 Singapore
| | - Estelle Gauquelin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Buffon building, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Brigitte Li
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, Condorcet building, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Olivier Cardoso
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, Condorcet building, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 1, 117411 Singapore
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Buffon building, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Hélène Delanoë-Ayari
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306, Institut Lumière Matière, Campus LyonTech - La Doua, Kastler building, 10 rue Ada Byron, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - François Graner
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, Condorcet building, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Abstract
Epithelial cell monolayers exhibit traveling mechanical waves. We rationalize this observation thanks to a hydrodynamic description of the monolayer as a compressible, active and polar material. We show that propagating waves of the cell density, polarity, velocity and stress fields may be due to a Hopf bifurcation occurring above threshold values of active coupling coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yabunaka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Ishihara S, Marcq P, Sugimura K. From cells to tissue: A continuum model of epithelial mechanics. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022418. [PMID: 28950595 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional continuum model of epithelial tissue mechanics was formulated using cellular-level mechanical ingredients and cell morphogenetic processes, including cellular shape changes and cellular rearrangements. This model incorporates stress and deformation tensors, which can be compared with experimental data. Focusing on the interplay between cell shape changes and cell rearrangements, we elucidated dynamical behavior underlying passive relaxation, active contraction-elongation, and tissue shear flow, including a mechanism for contraction-elongation, whereby tissue flows perpendicularly to the axis of cell elongation. This study provides an integrated scheme for the understanding of the orchestration of morphogenetic processes in individual cells to achieve epithelial tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ishihara
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kaoru Sugimura
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan and JST PRESTO, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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