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Hu X, Chen W, Lin J, Nie D, Zhu Z, Lin P. The motion of micro-swimmers over a cavity in a micro-channel. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2789-2803. [PMID: 38445957 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01589k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This article combines the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with the squirmer model to investigate the motion of micro-swimmers in a channel-cavity system. The study analyses various influential factors, including the value of the squirmer-type factor (β), the swimming Reynolds number (Rep), the size of the cavity, initial position and particle size on the movement of micro-swimmers within the channel-cavity system. We simultaneously studied three types of squirmer models, Puller (β > 0), Pusher (β < 0), and Neutral (β = 0) swimmers. The findings reveal that the motion of micro-swimmers is determined by the value of β and Rep, which can be classified into six distinct motion modes. For Puller and Pusher, when the β value is constant, an increase in Rep will lead to transition in the motion mode. Moreover, the appropriate depth of cavity within the channel-cavity system plays a crucial role in capturing and separating Neutral swimmers. This study, for the first time, explores the effect of complex channel-cavity systems on the behaviour of micro-swimmers and highlights their separation and capture ability. These findings offer novel insights for the design and enhancement of micro-channel structures in achieving efficient separation and capture of micro-swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fluid Transmission Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Weijin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fluid Transmission Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for the Safety of Pressure Vessel and Pipeline, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Deming Nie
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Zuchao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Fluid Transmission Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Peifeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fluid Transmission Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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2
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Ishikawa T, Pedley TJ. 50-year History and perspective on biomechanics of swimming microorganisms: Part I. Individual behaviours. J Biomech 2023; 158:111706. [PMID: 37572642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The paired review papers in Parts I and II describe the 50-year history of research on the biomechanics of swimming microorganisms and its prospects in the next 50 years: Part I explains the behaviour of individual microorganisms, and Part II explains collective behaviour. Since the discovery of microorganisms by van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century, many natural scientists have been interested in their motility because it is directly associated with biological function. A research upsurge occurred in the 1970s, with the elucidation of swimming mechanisms among individual microorganisms and the theoretical derivation of swimming speeds. Various swimming strategies of three types of microorganisms, i.e. bacteria, ciliates and microalgae, are explained in this Part I. We show that some of the behaviours of microorganisms can be described by biomechanical equations and are to some extent predictable. Recent researches have revealed the behaviour of microorganisms in more complex environments and more realistic settings, which are also reviewed in the paper. Last, we provide future prospects for research on microbial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ishikawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - T J Pedley
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
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3
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Ji F, Wu Y, Pumera M, Zhang L. Collective Behaviors of Active Matter Learning from Natural Taxes Across Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203959. [PMID: 35986637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Taxis orientation is common in microorganisms, and it provides feasible strategies to operate active colloids as small-scale robots. Collective taxes involve numerous units that collectively perform taxis motion, whereby the collective cooperation between individuals enables the group to perform efficiently, adaptively, and robustly. Hence, analyzing and designing collectives is crucial for developing and advancing microswarm toward practical or clinical applications. In this review, natural taxis behaviors are categorized and synthetic microrobotic collectives are discussed as bio-inspired realizations, aiming at closing the gap between taxis strategies of living creatures and those of functional active microswarms. As collective behaviors emerge within a group, the global taxis to external stimuli guides the group to conduct overall tasks, whereas the local taxis between individuals induces synchronization and global patterns. By encoding the local orientations and programming the global stimuli, various paradigms can be introduced for coordinating and controlling such collective microrobots, from the viewpoints of fundamental science and practical applications. Therefore, by discussing the key points and difficulties associated with collective taxes of different paradigms, this review potentially offers insights into mimicking natural collective behaviors and constructing intelligent microrobotic systems for on-demand control and preassigned tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtong Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yilin Wu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Ishimoto K, Gaffney EA, Smith DJ. Squirmer hydrodynamics near a periodic surface topography. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1123446. [PMID: 37123410 PMCID: PMC10133482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1123446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The behaviour of microscopic swimmers has previously been explored near large-scale confining geometries and in the presence of very small-scale surface roughness. Here, we consider an intermediate case of how a simple microswimmer, the tangential spherical squirmer, behaves adjacent to singly and doubly periodic sinusoidal surface topographies that spatially oscillate with an amplitude that is an order of magnitude less than the swimmer size and wavelengths that are also within an order of magnitude of this scale. The nearest neighbour regularised Stokeslet method is used for numerical explorations after validating its accuracy for a spherical tangential squirmer that swims stably near a flat surface. The same squirmer is then introduced to different surface topographies. The key governing factor in the resulting swimming behaviour is the size of the squirmer relative to the surface topography wavelength. For instance, directional guidance is not observed when the squirmer is much larger, or much smaller, than the surface topography wavelength. In contrast, once the squirmer size is on the scale of the topography wavelength, limited guidance is possible, often with local capture in the topography troughs. However, complex dynamics can also emerge, especially when the initial configuration is not close to alignment along topography troughs or above topography crests. In contrast to sensitivity in alignment and topography wavelength, reductions in the amplitude of the surface topography or variations in the shape of the periodic surface topography do not have extensive impacts on the squirmer behaviour. Our findings more generally highlight that the numerical framework provides an essential basis to elucidate how swimmers may be guided by surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kenta Ishimoto,
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Ohmura T, Nishigami Y, Ichikawa M. Simple dynamics underlying the survival behaviors of ciliates. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190026. [PMID: 36160323 PMCID: PMC9465405 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Ohmura T, Nishigami Y, Taniguchi A, Nonaka S, Ishikawa T, Ichikawa M. Near-wall rheotaxis of the ciliate Tetrahymena induced by the kinesthetic sensing of cilia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi5878. [PMID: 34669467 PMCID: PMC8528427 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To survive in harsh environments, single-celled microorganisms autonomously respond to external stimuli, such as light, heat, and flow. Here, we elucidate the flow response of Tetrahymena, a well-known single-celled freshwater microorganism. Tetrahymena moves upstream against an external flow via a behavior called rheotaxis. While micrometer-sized particles are swept away downstream in a viscous flow, what dynamics underlie the rheotaxis of the ciliate? Our experiments reveal that Tetrahymena slides along walls during upstream movement, which indicates that the cells receive rotational torque from shear flow to control cell orientation. To evaluate the effects of the shear torque and propelling speed, we perform a numerical simulation with a hydrodynamic model swimmer adopting cilia dynamics in a shear flow. The swimmer orientations converge to an upstream alignment, and the swimmer slides upstream along a boundary wall. The results suggest that Tetrahymena automatically responds to shear flow by performing rheotaxis using cilia-stalling mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ohmura
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (T.O.); (Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Yukinori Nishigami
- Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Corresponding author. (T.O.); (Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Atsushi Taniguchi
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Corresponding author. (T.O.); (Y.N.); (M.I.)
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Driving a Microswimmer with Wall-Induced Flow. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091025. [PMID: 34577669 PMCID: PMC8471039 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Active walls such as cilia and bacteria carpets generate background flows that can influence the trajectories of microswimmers moving nearby. Recent advances in artificial magnetic cilia carpets offer the potentiality to use a similar wall-generated background flow to steer bio-hybrid microrobots. In this paper, we provide some ground theoretical and numerical work assessing the viability of this novel means of swimmer guidance by setting up a simple model of a spherical swimmer in an oscillatory flow and analysing it from the control theory viewpoint. We show a property of local controllability around the reference free trajectories and investigate the bang-bang structure of the control for time-optimal trajectories, with an estimation of the minimal time for suitable objectives. By direct simulation, we have demonstrated that the wall actuation can improve the wall-following transport by nearly 50%, which can be interpreted by synchronous flow structure. Although an open-loop control with a periodic bang-bang actuation loses some robustness and effectiveness, a feedback control is found to improve its robustness and effective transport, even with hydrodynamic wall-swimmer interactions. The results shed light on the potentialities of flow control and open the way to future experiments on swimmer guidance.
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A Review on the Some Issues of Multiphase Flow with Self-Driven Particles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiphase flow with self-driven particles is ubiquitous and complex. Exploring the flow properties has both important academic meaning and engineering value. This review emphasizes some recent studies on multiphase flow with self-driven particles: the hydrodynamic interactions between self-propelled/self-rotary particles and passive particles; the aggregation, phase separation and sedimentation of squirmers; the influence of rheological properties on its motion; and the kinematic characteristics of axisymmetric squirmers. Finally, some open problems, challenges, and future directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐systems and Micro‐structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Yang Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology Harbin China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐systems and Micro‐structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐systems and Micro‐structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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Sprenger AR, Shaik VA, Ardekani AM, Lisicki M, Mathijssen AJTM, Guzmán-Lastra F, Löwen H, Menzel AM, Daddi-Moussa-Ider A. Towards an analytical description of active microswimmers in clean and in surfactant-covered drops. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2020; 43:58. [PMID: 32920676 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2020-11980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Geometric confinements are frequently encountered in the biological world and strongly affect the stability, topology, and transport properties of active suspensions in viscous flow. Based on a far-field analytical model, the low-Reynolds-number locomotion of a self-propelled microswimmer moving inside a clean viscous drop or a drop covered with a homogeneously distributed surfactant, is theoretically examined. The interfacial viscous stresses induced by the surfactant are described by the well-established Boussinesq-Scriven constitutive rheological model. Moreover, the active agent is represented by a force dipole and the resulting fluid-mediated hydrodynamic couplings between the swimmer and the confining drop are investigated. We find that the presence of the surfactant significantly alters the dynamics of the encapsulated swimmer by enhancing its reorientation. Exact solutions for the velocity images for the Stokeslet and dipolar flow singularities inside the drop are introduced and expressed in terms of infinite series of harmonic components. Our results offer useful insights into guiding principles for the control of confined active matter systems and support the objective of utilizing synthetic microswimmers to drive drops for targeted drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Sprenger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vaseem A Shaik
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maciej Lisicki
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arnold J T M Mathijssen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, 94305, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francisca Guzmán-Lastra
- Centro de Investigación DAiTA Lab, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Av. Manuel Montt 367, Providencia, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas M Menzel
- Institut für Physik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Abdallah Daddi-Moussa-Ider
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Pöhnl R, Popescu MN, Uspal WE. Axisymmetric spheroidal squirmers and self-diffusiophoretic particles. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:164001. [PMID: 31801127 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5edd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study, by means of an exact analytical solution, the motion of a spheroidal, axisymmetric squirmer in an unbounded fluid, as well as the low Reynolds number hydrodynamic flow associated to it. In contrast to the case of a spherical squirmer-for which, e.g. the velocity of the squirmer and the magnitude of the stresslet associated with the flow induced by the squirmer are respectively determined by the amplitudes of the first two slip ('squirming') modes-for the spheroidal squirmer each squirming mode either contributes to the velocity, or contributes to the stresslet. The results are straightforwardly extended to the self-phoresis of axisymmetric, spheroidal, chemically active particles in the case when the phoretic slip approximation holds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pöhnl
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- IVth Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street Holmes 302 Honolulu, HI 96822, United States of America
| | - M N Popescu
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - W E Uspal
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- IVth Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street Holmes 302 Honolulu, HI 96822, United States of America
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12
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Daddi-Moussa-Ider A, Kurzthaler C, Hoell C, Zöttl A, Mirzakhanloo M, Alam MR, Menzel AM, Löwen H, Gekle S. Frequency-dependent higher-order Stokes singularities near a planar elastic boundary: Implications for the hydrodynamics of an active microswimmer near an elastic interface. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032610. [PMID: 31639990 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of self-driven active particles in fluid environments has recently created significant interest in the biophysics and bioengineering communities owing to their promising future for biomedical and technological applications. These microswimmers move autonomously through aqueous media, where under realistic situations they encounter a plethora of external stimuli and confining surfaces with peculiar elastic properties. Based on a far-field hydrodynamic model, we present an analytical theory to describe the physical interaction and hydrodynamic couplings between a self-propelled active microswimmer and an elastic interface that features resistance toward shear and bending. We model the active agent as a superposition of higher-order Stokes singularities and elucidate the associated translational and rotational velocities induced by the nearby elastic boundary. Our results show that the velocities can be decomposed in shear and bending related contributions which approach the velocities of active agents close to a no-slip rigid wall in the steady limit. The transient dynamics predict that contributions to the velocities of the microswimmer due to bending resistance are generally more pronounced than those due to shear resistance. Bending can enhance (suppress) the velocities resulting from higher-order singularities whereas the shear related contribution decreases (increases) the velocities. Most prominently, we find that near an elastic interface of only energetic resistance toward shear deformation, such as that of an elastic capsule designed for drug delivery, a swimming bacterium undergoes rotation of the same sense as observed near a no-slip wall. In contrast to that, near an interface of only energetic resistance toward bending, such as that of a fluid vesicle or liposome, we find a reversed sense of rotation. Our results provide insight into the control and guidance of artificial and synthetic self-propelling active microswimmers near elastic confinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Daddi-Moussa-Ider
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Kurzthaler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Christian Hoell
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Zöttl
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Mehdi Mirzakhanloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mohammad-Reza Alam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andreas M Menzel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik VI, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Boundary behaviours of Leishmania mexicana: A hydrodynamic simulation study. J Theor Biol 2018; 462:311-320. [PMID: 30465777 PMCID: PMC6333917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the parasites of the genus Leishmania exhibit complex surface interactions with the sandfly vector midgut epithelium, but no prior study has considered the details of their hydrodynamics. Here, the boundary behaviours of motile Leishmania mexicana promastigotes are explored in a computational study using the boundary element method, with a model flagellar beating pattern that has been identified from digital videomicroscopy. In particular a simple flagellar kinematics is observed and quantified using image processing and mode identification techniques, suggesting a simple mechanical driver for the Leishmania beat. Phase plane analysis and long-time simulation of a range of Leishmania swimming scenarios demonstrate an absence of stable boundary motility for an idealised model promastigote, with behaviours ranging from boundary capture to deflection into the bulk both with and without surface forces between the swimmer and the boundary. Indeed, the inclusion of a short-range repulsive surface force results in the deflection of all surface-bound promastigotes, suggesting that the documented surface detachment of infective metacyclic promastigotes may be the result of their particular morphology and simple hydrodynamics. Further, simulation elucidates a remarkable morphology-dependent hydrodynamic mechanism of boundary approach, hypothesised to be the cause of the well-established phenomenon of tip-first epithelial attachment of Leishmania promastigotes to the sandfly vector midgut.
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