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Cravero R, Tlili A, Paterson J, Tomelleri M, Marcello P, Debord R, Pailhès S, Bourgeois O, Hippert F, Le Qui D, Raty JY, Noe P, Giordano VM. Glass-Like Phonon Dynamics and Thermal Transport in a GeTe Nano-Composite at Low Temperature. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310209. [PMID: 38634392 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the experimental evidence of glass-like phonon dynamics and thermal conductivity in a nanocomposite made of GeTe and amorphous carbon is reported, which is of interest for microelectronics, and specifically phase change memories. It is shown that, the total thermal conductivity is reduced by a factor of three at room temperature with respect to pure GeTe, due to the reduction of both electronic and phononic contributions. This latter, similarly to glasses, is small and weakly increasing with temperature between 100 and 300 K, indicating a mostly diffusive thermal transport and reaching a value of 0.86(7) Wm-1K-1 at room temperature. A thorough investigation of the nanocomposite's phonon dynamics reveals the appearance of an excess intensity in the low energy vibrational density of states, reminiscent of the Boson peak in glasses. These features can be understood in terms of an enhanced phonon scattering at the interfaces, due to the presence of elastic heterogeneities, at wavelengths in the 2-20 nm range. The findings confirm recent simulation results on crystalline/amorphous nanocomposites and open new perspectives in phonon and thermal engineering through the direct manipulation of elastic heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cravero
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne cedex, F-69622, France
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 25 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - A Tlili
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne cedex, F-69622, France
| | - J Paterson
- CEA, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - M Tomelleri
- CEA, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - P Marcello
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne cedex, F-69622, France
| | - R Debord
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne cedex, F-69622, France
| | - S Pailhès
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne cedex, F-69622, France
| | - O Bourgeois
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 25 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - F Hippert
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - D Le Qui
- FNRS and CESAM, Université de Liége, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Belgique
| | - J-Y Raty
- FNRS and CESAM, Université de Liége, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Belgique
| | - P Noe
- CEA, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - V M Giordano
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne cedex, F-69622, France
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2
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Chen J, Hu B, Wang Z. Localized Phonon Transport Study of GaN/SiO 2 Core/shell Nanowires under Thermal-Stress Coupling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10008-10023. [PMID: 38703378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
In order to comprehensively explore the intricate mechanisms of thermo-mechanical interactions, this study employs the molecular dynamics method to investigate the influence of heat flux density, shell thickness and length, as well as stress on the radial interface phonon transport in GaN/SiO2 core/shell nanowire. Additionally, the surface eigenmode decomposition method is employed to analyze the interface phonon dispersion curves. The investigation reveals that with increasing heat flux density, internal thermal stresses intensify, leading to a complex distribution of thermal stresses within the system. Under the influence of thermal stress, the nonlinear acoustic properties interact with phonon scattering, resulting in the pronounced localization of interface phonons. Compressive stress causes an upshift in low-frequency phonons, while tensile stress induces a downward shift in the high-frequency optical branches at the interface. The localized phonon vibrations at the SiO2/GaN interface under nonuniform stress are identified as the primary cause for the abundant presence of nondispersive phonon modes at the radial interface. By elucidating the subtle interplay between lattice vibrations and stress fields, this study offers a novel and profound understanding of thermo-mechanical coupling effects, thereby providing innovative theoretical foundations for the design and performance management of thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Thermal Engineering and Power Department, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Baoyi Hu
- Thermal Engineering and Power Department, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zhaoliang Wang
- Thermal Engineering and Power Department, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
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3
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Phonon behavior in a random solid solution: a lattice dynamics study on the high-entropy alloy FeCoCrMnNi. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7509. [PMID: 36473859 PMCID: PMC9726824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are a new family of crystalline random alloys with four or more elements in a simple unit cell, at the forefront of materials research for their exceptional mechanical properties. Their strong chemical disorder leads to mass and force-constant fluctuations which are expected to strongly reduce phonon lifetime, responsible for thermal transport, similarly to glasses. Still, the long range order would associate HEAs to crystals with a complex disordered unit cell. These two families of materials, however, exhibit very different phonon dynamics, still leading to similar thermal properties. The question arises on the positioning of HEAs in this context. Here we present an exhaustive experimental investigation of the lattice dynamics in a HEA, Fe20Co20Cr20Mn20Ni20, using inelastic neutron and X-ray scattering. We demonstrate that HEAs present unique phonon dynamics at the frontier between fully disordered and ordered materials, characterized by long-propagating acoustic phonons in the whole Brillouin zone.
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Mizuno H, Hachiya M, Ikeda A. Phonon transport properties of particulate physical gels. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:204505. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate physical gels are sparse, low-density amorphous materials in which clusters of glasses are connected to form a heterogeneous network structure. This structure is characterized by two length scales, ξ s and ξ G: ξ s measures the length of heterogeneities in the network structure and ξ G is the size of glassy clusters. Accordingly, the vibrational states (eigenmodes) of such a material also exhibit a multiscale nature with two characteristic frequencies, [Formula: see text] and ω G, which are associated with ξ s and ξ G, respectively: (i) phonon-like vibrations in the homogeneous medium at [Formula: see text], (ii) phonon-like vibrations in the heterogeneous medium at [Formula: see text], and (iii) disordered vibrations in the glassy clusters at ω > ω G. Here, we demonstrate that the multiscale characteristics seen in the static structures and vibrational states also extend to the phonon transport properties. Phonon transport exhibits two distinct crossovers at frequencies ω* and ω G (or at wavenumbers of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). In particular, both transverse and longitudinal phonons cross over between Rayleigh scattering at [Formula: see text] and diffusive damping at [Formula: see text]. Remarkably, the Ioffe–Regel limit is located at the very low frequency of ω*. Thus, phonon transport is localized above ω*, even where phonon-like vibrational states persist. This markedly strong scattering behavior is caused by the sparse, porous structure of the gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Mizuno
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Makoto Hachiya
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Ballistic Heat Transport in Nanocomposite: The Role of the Shape and Interconnection of Nanoinclusions. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081982. [PMID: 34443813 PMCID: PMC8400008 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the effect on the vibrational and thermal properties of gradually interconnected nanoinclusions embedded in an amorphous silicon matrix is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The nanoinclusion arrangement ranges from an aligned sphere array to an interconnected mesh of nanowires. Wave-packet simulations scanning different polarizations and frequencies reveal that the interconnection of the nanoinclusions at constant volume fraction induces a strong increase of the mean free path of high frequency phonons, but does not affect the energy diffusivity. The mean free path and energy diffusivity are then used to estimate the thermal conductivity, showing an enhancement of the effective thermal conductivity due to the existence of crystalline structural interconnections. This enhancement is dominated by the ballistic transport of phonons. Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations confirm the tendency, although less markedly. This leads to the observation that coherent energy propagation with a moderate increase of the thermal conductivity is possible. These findings could be useful for energy harvesting applications, thermal management or for mechanical information processing.
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Conyuh DA, Beltukov YM. Ioffe-Regel criterion and viscoelastic properties of amorphous solids. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:042608. [PMID: 34005859 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.042608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We show that viscoelastic effects play a crucial role in the damping of vibrational modes in harmonic amorphous solids. The relaxation of a given plane elastic wave is described by a memory function of a semi-infinite one-dimensional mass-spring chain. The initial vibrational energy spreads from the first site of the chain to infinity. In the beginning of the chain, there is a barrier, which significantly reduces the decay of vibrational energy below the Ioffe-Regel frequency. To obtain the parameters of the chain, we present a numerically stable method, based on the Chebyshev expansion of the local vibrational density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Conyuh
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Luo H, Gravouil A, Giordano VM, Schirmacher W, Tanguy A. Continuum constitutive laws to describe acoustic attenuation in glasses. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033003. [PMID: 33075991 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays metamaterials are at the focus of an intense research as promising for thermal and acoustic engineering. However, the computational cost associated to the large system size required for correctly simulating them imposes the use of finite-elements simulations, developing continuum models, able to grasp the physics at play without entering in the atomistic details. Still, a correct description should be able to reproduce not only the extrinsic scattering sources on waves propagation, as introduced by the metamaterial microstructure, but also the intrinsic wave attenuation of the material itself. This becomes dramatically important when the metamaterial is made out of a glass, which is intrinsically highly dissipative and with a wave attenuation strongly dependent on frequency. Here we propose a continuum mechanical model for a viscoelastic medium, able to bridge atomic and macroscopic scale in amorphous materials and describe phonon attenuation due to atomistic mechanisms, characterized by a defined frequency dependence. This represents a first decisive step for investigating the effect of a complex nano- or microstructure on acoustic attenuation, while including the atomistic contribution as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luo
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - A Gravouil
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - V M Giordano
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - W Schirmacher
- Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Tanguy
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France and ONERA, University Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huniére, BP 80100, 92123 Palaiseau, France
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8
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Abstract
The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity is linked to the nature of the energy transport at a frequency ω, which is quantified by thermal diffusivity d(ω). Here we study d(ω) for a poorly annealed glass and a highly stable glass prepared using the swap Monte Carlo algorithm. To calculate d(ω), we excite wave packets and find that the energy moves diffusively for high frequencies up to a maximum frequency, beyond which the energy stays localized. At intermediate frequencies, we find a linear increase of the square of the width of the wave packet with time, which allows for a robust calculation of d(ω), but the wave packet is no longer well described by a Gaussian as for high frequencies. In this intermediate regime, there is a transition from a nearly frequency independent thermal diffusivity at high frequencies to d(ω) ∼ ω-4 at low frequencies. For low frequencies the sound waves are responsible for energy transport and the energy moves ballistically. The low frequency behavior can be predicted using sound attenuation coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Flenner
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Boson peak, elasticity, and glass transition temperature in polymer glasses: Effects of the rigidity of chain bending. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19514. [PMID: 31862997 PMCID: PMC6925306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The excess low-frequency vibrational spectrum, called boson peak, and non-affine elastic response are the most important particularities of glasses. Herein, the vibrational and mechanical properties of polymeric glasses are examined by using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, with particular attention to the effects of the bending rigidity of the polymer chains. As the rigidity increases, the system undergoes a glass transition at a higher temperature (under a constant pressure), which decreases the density of the glass phase. The elastic moduli, which are controlled by the decrease of the density and the increase of the rigidity, show a non-monotonic dependence on the rigidity of the polymer chain that arises from the non-affine component. Moreover, a clear boson peak is observed in the vibrational density of states, which depends on the macroscopic shear modulus G. In particular, the boson peak frequency ωBP is proportional to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\sqrt{G}$$\end{document}G. These results provide a positive correlation between the boson peak, shear elasticity, and the glass transition temperature.
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Tlili A, Giordano VM, Beltukov YM, Desmarchelier P, Merabia S, Tanguy A. Enhancement and anticipation of the Ioffe-Regel crossover in amorphous/nanocrystalline composites. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21502-21512. [PMID: 31686081 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03952j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposites made of crystalline nanoinclusions embedded in an amorphous matrix are at the forefront of current research for energy harvesting applications. However, the microscopic mechanisms leading alternatively to an effectively reduced or enhanced thermal transport still escape understanding. In this work, we present a molecular dynamics simulation study of model systems, where for the first time we combine a microscopic investigation of phonon dynamics with the macroscopic thermal conductivity calculation, to shed light on thermal transport in these materials. We clearly show that crystalline nanoinclusions represent a novel scattering source for vibrational waves, modifying the nature of low energy vibrations and significantly anticipating the propagative-to-diffusive crossover (Ioffe-Regel), usually located at energies of few THz in amorphous materials. Moreover, this crossover position can be tuned by changing the elastic contrast between nanoinclusions and the matrix, and anticipated by a factor as large as 10 for a harder inclusion. While the propagative contribution to thermal transport is drastically reduced, the calculated thermal conductivity is not significantly affected in the chosen system, as the diffusive contribution dominates heat transport when all phonons are thermally populated. These findings allow finally to understand the panoply of contradictory results reported on thermal transport in nanocomposites and give clear indications to the characteristics that the parent phases should have for efficiently reducing heat transport in a nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tlili
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS and LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - V M Giordano
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS and LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Y M Beltukov
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - P Desmarchelier
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS and LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - S Merabia
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS and LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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11
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Luo H, Gravouil A, Giordano V, Tanguy A. Thermal Transport in a 2D Nanophononic Solid: Role of bi-Phasic Materials Properties on Acoustic Attenuation and Thermal Diffusivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1471. [PMID: 31623247 PMCID: PMC6836169 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanophononic materials have recently arisen as a promising way for controlling heat transport, mirroring the results in macroscopic phononic materials for sound transmission, filtering and attenuation applications. Here we present a Finite Element numerical simulation of the transient propagation of an acoustic Wave-Packet in a 2D nanophononic material, which allows to identify the effect of the nanostructuration on the acoustic attenuation length and thus on the transport regime for the vibrational energy. Assuming elastic behavior in the matrix and in the inclusions, we find that the rigidity contrast between them not only tunes the apparent attenuation length of the wave packet along its main trajectory, but gives rise to different behaviours, from weak to strong scattering, and waves pinning. As a consequence, different energy transport regimes can be identified in the three-parameter space of the excitation frequency, inclusions size and rigidity contrast, leading to the identification of a combination of parameters allowing for the shortest attenuation distance. These results could have applications both in the field of acoustic insulation, and for the control of heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Luo
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Anthony Gravouil
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Valentina Giordano
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Tanguy
- LaMCos, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Université de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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12
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Wang L, Berthier L, Flenner E, Guan P, Szamel G. Sound attenuation in stable glasses. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7018-7025. [PMID: 31433423 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the difference between the universal low-temperature properties of amorphous and crystalline solids requires an explanation for the stronger damping of long-wavelength phonons in amorphous solids. A longstanding sound attenuation scenario, resulting from a combination of experiments, theories, and simulations, leads to a quartic scaling of sound attenuation with the wavevector, which is commonly attributed to the Rayleigh scattering of sound. Modern computer simulations offer conflicting conclusions regarding the validity of this picture. We simulate glasses with an unprecedentedly broad range of stabilities to perform the first microscopic analysis of sound damping in model glass formers across a range of experimentally relevant preparation protocols. We present convincing evidence that quartic scaling is recovered for small wavevectors irrespective of the glass's stability. With increasing stability, the wavevector where the quartic scaling begins increases by approximately a factor of three and the sound attenuation decreases by over an order of magnitude. Our results uncover an intimate connection between glass stability and sound damping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Wang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China. and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Elijah Flenner
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Pengfei Guan
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Grzegorz Szamel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Moriel A, Kapteijns G, Rainone C, Zylberg J, Lerner E, Bouchbinder E. Wave attenuation in glasses: Rayleigh and generalized-Rayleigh scattering scaling. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:104503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Moriel
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Geert Kapteijns
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrado Rainone
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Zylberg
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Edan Lerner
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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