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Kino K. The Radiation-Specific Components Generated in the Second Step of Sequential Reactions Have a Mountain-Shaped Function. TOXICS 2023; 11:301. [PMID: 37112531 PMCID: PMC10143257 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for radiation hormesis below 100 mSv has previously been reported, but the origins of the formula used in the previous report were not provided. In the present paper, we first considered a sequential reaction model with identical rate constants. We showed that the function of components produced in the second step of this model agreed well with the previously reported function. Furthermore, in a general sequential reaction model with different rate constants, it was mathematically proved that the function representing the component produced in the second step is always mountain-shaped: the graph has a peak with one inflection point on either side, and such a component may induce radiation hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Kino
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki-shi 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
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Fornalski KW, Adamowski Ł, Dobrzyński L, Jarmakiewicz R, Powojska A, Reszczyńska J. The radiation adaptive response and priming dose influence: the quantification of the Raper-Yonezawa effect and its three-parameter model for postradiation DNA lesions and mutations. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:221-239. [PMID: 35150289 PMCID: PMC9021059 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The priming dose effect, called also the Raper-Yonezawa effect or simply the Yonezawa effect, is a special case of the radiation adaptive response phenomenon (radioadaptation), which refers to: (a) faster repair of direct DNA lesions (damage), and (b) DNA mutation frequency reduction after irradiation, by applying a small priming (conditioning) dose prior to the high detrimental (challenging) one. This effect is observed in many (but not all) radiobiological experiments which present the reduction of lesion, mutation or even mortality frequency of the irradiated cells or species. Additionally, the multi-parameter model created by Dr. Yonezawa and collaborators tried to explain it theoretically based on experimental data on the mortality of mice with chronic internal irradiation. The presented paper proposes a new theoretical approach to understanding and explaining the priming dose effect: it starts from the radiation adaptive response theory and moves to the three-parameter model, separately for two previously mentioned situations: creation of fast (lesions) and delayed damage (mutations). The proposed biophysical model was applied to experimental data-lesions in human lymphocytes and chromosomal inversions in mice-and was shown to be able to predict the Yonezawa effect for future investigations. It was also found that the strongest radioadaptation is correlated with the weakest cellular radiosensitivity. Additional discussions were focussed on more general situations where many small priming doses are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof W Fornalski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400, Otwock-Świerk, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Adamowski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Ludwik Dobrzyński
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Rafał Jarmakiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Powojska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszczyńska
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw (WUM), ul. T. Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
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Shen H, Cook K, Gee HE, Hau E. Hypoxia, metabolism, and the circadian clock: new links to overcome radiation resistance in high-grade gliomas. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:129. [PMID: 32631383 PMCID: PMC7339573 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment of high-grade gliomas (HGGs). It eradicates tumor cells by inducing oxidative stress and subsequent DNA damage. Unfortunately, almost all HGGs recur locally within several months secondary to radioresistance with intricate molecular mechanisms. Therefore, unravelling specific underlying mechanisms of radioresistance is critical to elucidating novel strategies to improve the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, and enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy. This review addresses our current understanding of how hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway have a profound impact on the response of HGGs to radiotherapy. In addition, intriguing links between hypoxic signaling, circadian rhythms and cell metabolism have been recently discovered, which may provide insights into our fundamental understanding of radioresistance. Cellular pathways involved in the hypoxic response, DNA repair and metabolism can fluctuate over 24-h periods due to circadian regulation. These oscillatory patterns may have consequences for tumor radioresistance. Timing radiotherapy for specific times of the day (chronoradiotherapy) could be beneficial in patients with HGGs and will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shen
- Translational Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Kristina Cook
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health & Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harriet E Gee
- Translational Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Hau
- Translational Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Blacktown Hematology and Cancer Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
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Kwan WS, Nikezic D, Roy VAL, Yu KN. Multiple Stressor Effects of Radon and Phthalates in Children: Background Information and Future Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2898. [PMID: 32331399 PMCID: PMC7215282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews available background information for studying multiple stressor effects of radon (222Rn) and phthalates in children and provides insights on future directions. In realistic situations, living organisms are collectively subjected to many environmental stressors, with the resultant effects being referred to as multiple stressor effects. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can lead to lung cancers. On the other hand, phthalates are semi-volatile organic compounds widely applied as plasticizers to provide flexibility to plastic in consumer products. Links of phthalates to various health effects have been reported, including allergy and asthma. In the present review, the focus on indoor contaminants was due to their higher concentrations and to the higher indoor occupancy factor, while the focus on the pediatric population was due to their inherent sensitivity and their spending more time close to the floor. Two main future directions in studying multiple stressor effects of radon and phthalates in children were proposed. The first one was on computational modeling and micro-dosimetric studies, and the second one was on biological studies. In particular, dose-response relationship and effect-specific models for combined exposures to radon and phthalates would be necessary. The ideas and methodology behind such proposed research work are also applicable to studies on multiple stressor effects of collective exposures to other significant airborne contaminants, and to population groups other than children.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. S. Kwan
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - D. Nikezic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića 9, RS-36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia;
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - K. N. Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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