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Simsek AN, Koch MD, Sanfilippo JE, Gitai Z, Gompper G, Sabass B. Type-IV pili tune an adhesion-migration trade-off during surface colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.538458. [PMID: 37215001 PMCID: PMC10197611 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.538458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogenicity relies on both firm surface adhesion and cell dissemination. How twitching bacteria resolve the fundamental contradiction between adhesion and migration is unknown. To address this question, we employ live-cell imaging of type-IV pili (T4P) and therewith construct a comprehensive mathematical model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa migration. The data show that only 10% to 50% of T4P bind to substrates and contribute to migration through random extension and retraction. Individual T4P do not display a measurable sensory response to surfaces, but their number increases on cellular surface contact. Attachment to surfaces is mediated, besides T4P, by passive adhesive forces acting on the cell body. Passive adhesions slow down cell migration and result in local random motion on short time scales, which is followed by directionally persistent, superdiffusive motion on longer time scales. Moreover, passive adhesions strongly enhance surface attachment under shear flow. Δ pilA mutants, which produce no T4P, robustly stick to surfaces under shear flow. In contrast, rapidly migrating Δ pilH cells, which produce an excessive number of T4P, are easily detached by shear. Wild-type cells sacrifice migration speed for robust surface attachment by maintaining a low number of active pili. The different cell strains pertain to disjunct regimes in a generic adhesion-migration trait space. Depending on the nature of the adhesion structures, adhesion and migration are either compatible or a trade-off is required for efficient bacterial surface colonization under different conditions.
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Li C, Hurley A, Hu W, Warrick JW, Lozano GL, Ayuso JM, Pan W, Handelsman J, Beebe DJ. Social motility of biofilm-like microcolonies in a gliding bacterium. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5700. [PMID: 34588437 PMCID: PMC8481357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are aggregates of surface-associated cells embedded in an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix, and are typically stationary. Studies of bacterial collective movement have largely focused on swarming motility mediated by flagella or pili, in the absence of a biofilm. Here, we describe a unique mode of collective movement by a self-propelled, surface-associated biofilm-like multicellular structure. Flavobacterium johnsoniae cells, which move by gliding motility, self-assemble into spherical microcolonies with EPS cores when observed by an under-oil open microfluidic system. Small microcolonies merge, creating larger ones. Microscopic analysis and computer simulation indicate that microcolonies move by cells at the base of the structure, attached to the surface by one pole of the cell. Biochemical and mutant analyses show that an active process drives microcolony self-assembly and motility, which depend on the bacterial gliding apparatus. We hypothesize that this mode of collective bacterial movement on solid surfaces may play potential roles in biofilm dynamics, bacterial cargo transport, or microbial adaptation. However, whether this collective motility occurs on plant roots or soil particles, the native environment for F. johnsoniae, is unknown. Bacterial biofilms are aggregates of surface-associated cells embedded in an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix. Here, the authors describe a unique mode of collective movement by self-propelled, surface-associated spherical microcolonies with EPS cores in the gliding bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amanda Hurley
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jay W Warrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriel L Lozano
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jo Handelsman
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Transient surface hydration impacts biogeography and intercellular interactions of non-motile bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.03067-20. [PMID: 33579687 PMCID: PMC8091113 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03067-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many hydrated surface niches that are neither static nor continuously flowing that are colonized by microbes such as bacteria. Such periodic hydrodynamic regimes are distinct from aquatic systems where microbial dissemination is reasonably predicted by assuming continuous flow or static systems where motile microbes largely control their own fate. Here we show how non-motile bacteria exhibit rapid, dispersive bursts of movement over surfaces using transient confluent hydration from the environment, which we term "surface hydrodispersion" where cells traverse thousands of cell lengths within minutes. The fraction of the population disseminated by surface hydrodispersion is small-on order of 1 cell per million. Thus, surface hydrodispersion can promote isolated distribution of single cells, which is unlike other characterized active and passive surface motilities. We describe this translocation using a continuous time random walk modeling approach and find in computational simulations that transient fluid accumulation, dilution, and gravitational pull are the contributing factors. Surface hydrodispersion, consistent with advection, is unlike simple colony expansion as it dramatically alters spatial relationships, shown here with Staphylococcus aureus, which becomes increasingly virulent when isolated from Corynebacterium striatum Surface hydrodispersion of non-motile bacteria exploiting transient fluid availability and gravity is a mechanism that can result in sporadic and sudden shifts in microbial community behavior. To better understand how this movement can impact biogeography on the millimeter scale, this work describes a system for study of primary factors behind this movement as well as a stochastic model describing this dispersal.Importance: Understanding the dynamics within microbiome communities is a challenge. Knowledge of phylogeny and spatial arrangement has led to increased understanding of numerous polymicrobial communities yet, these snapshots do not convey the dynamics of populations over time. The actual biogeography of any microbiome controls the potential interactions, governing any possible antagonistic or synergistic behavior. Accordingly, a shift in biogeography can enable new behavior. Little is known about the movement mechanisms of "non-motile" microbes. Here we characterize a universal means of movement we term hydrodispersion where non-motile bacteria are transported thousands of cell lengths in minutes. We show that only a small fraction of the population is translocated by hydrodispersion and describe this movement further using a random-walk mathematical model approach in silico We demonstrate the importance of hydrodispersion by showing that Staphylococcus aureus can separate from a coculture inoculation with Corynebacterium striatum thus permitting transition to a more virulent state.
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Koch MD, Fei C, Wingreen NS, Shaevitz JW, Gitai Z. Competitive binding of independent extension and retraction motors explains the quantitative dynamics of type IV pili. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2014926118. [PMID: 33593905 PMCID: PMC7923367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014926118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IV pili (TFP) function through cycles of extension and retraction. The coordination of these cycles remains mysterious due to a lack of quantitative measurements of multiple features of TFP dynamics. Here, we fluorescently label TFP in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and track full extension and retraction cycles of individual filaments. Polymerization and depolymerization dynamics are stochastic; TFP are made at random times and extend, pause, and retract for random lengths of time. TFP can also pause for extended periods between two extension or two retraction events in both wild-type cells and a slowly retracting PilT mutant. We developed a biophysical model based on the stochastic binding of two dedicated extension and retraction motors to the same pilus machine that predicts the observed features of the data with no free parameters. We show that only a model in which both motors stochastically bind and unbind to the pilus machine independent of the piliation state of the machine quantitatively explains the experimentally observed pilus production rate. In experimental support of this model, we show that the abundance of the retraction motor dictates the pilus production rate and that PilT is bound to pilus machines even in their unpiliated state. Together, the strong quantitative agreement of our model with a variety of experiments suggests that the entire repetitive cycle of pilus extension and retraction is coordinated by the competition of stochastic motor binding to the pilus machine, and that the retraction motor is the major throttle for pilus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D Koch
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Chenyi Fei
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Ned S Wingreen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Zemer Gitai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;
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Custodio R, Johnson E, Liu G, Tang CM, Exley RM. Commensal Neisseria cinerea impairs Neisseria meningitidis microcolony development and reduces pathogen colonisation of epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008372. [PMID: 32208456 PMCID: PMC7092958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly being recognised that the interplay between commensal and pathogenic bacteria can dictate the outcome of infection. Consequently, there is a need to understand how commensals interact with their human host and influence pathogen behaviour at epithelial surfaces. Neisseria meningitidis, a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis, exclusively colonises the human nasopharynx and shares this niche with several other Neisseria species, including the commensal Neisseria cinerea. Here, we demonstrate that during adhesion to human epithelial cells N. cinerea co-localises with molecules that are also recruited by the meningococcus, and show that, similar to N. meningitidis, N. cinerea forms dynamic microcolonies on the cell surface in a Type four pilus (Tfp) dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrate that N. cinerea colocalises with N. meningitidis on the epithelial cell surface, limits the size and motility of meningococcal microcolonies, and impairs the effective colonisation of epithelial cells by the pathogen. Our data establish that commensal Neisseria can mimic and affect the behaviour of a pathogen on epithelial cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Custodio
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph M. Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Exley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Das R, Kumar M, Mishra S. Nonquenched rotators ease flocking and memorize it. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:012607. [PMID: 32069681 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.012607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a minimal model for a two-dimensional polar flock with nonquenched rotators and show that the rotators make the usual macroscopic long-range order of the flock more robust than the clean system. The rotators memorize the flock-information which helps in establishing the robustness. Moreover, the memory of the rotators assists in probing the moving flock. We also formulate a hydrodynamic framework for the microscopic model that makes our study comprehensive. Using linearized hydrodynamics, it is shown that the presence of such nonquenched heterogeneities increases the sound speeds of the flock. The enhanced sound speeds lead to faster convection of information and consequently the robust ordering in the system. We argue that similar nonquenched heterogeneities may be useful in monitoring and controlling large crowds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Das
- S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Manoranjan Kumar
- S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Shradha Mishra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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