New class of plastic bulk metallic glass

Amorphous GeSnSe nanoparticles as a Li-Ion battery anode with High-Capacity and long cycle performance

A new ternary amorphous GeSnSe (GSS) nanopowder was effectively synthesized by using ball milling under inert atmosphere. Its topographical, microstructural and elemental characterizations revealed the formation of nanoparticles with undefined shape, short-range order and the tailored stoichiometry. Remarkably, this novel amorphous material demonstrates its competences as a promising Li-ion host anode, exhibiting a high cycle performance with a specific charge capacity of 963 mAh g-1 at an applied C-rate of 0.2C with a coulombic efficiency > 99.4 % after 300 cycles. Its high specific capacity, large rate capability, acceptable capacity retention and long cycle life could be attributed to a dual Li-ion storage mechanism that consists mostly of multiple reversible electrochemical processes as conversion and alloying reactions and capacitive processes. Moreover, its stable volume expansion (34 %), moderate electrode polarization (248.9 mV), reasonable charge transfer resistance (83 Ω) and apparent Li-ion diffusion coefficients between 10-9 - 10-14 cm2 s-1 could be promoted by a synergistic effect between Ge (capacity), Sn (conductivity) and Se (stability), which plays an important role on the stability and high cycle performance of the promising GSS-based anode.

Deformation behavior of thermally rejuvenated Zr-Cu-Al-(Ti) bulk metallic glass

The deformation behavior of metallic glasses has been shown in prior studies to be often dependent on its structural state, namely higher energy "rejuvenated" state versus lower energy "relaxed" state. Here, the deformation behavior of thermally rejuvenated Zr-Cu-Al-(Ti) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) was evaluated. Rejuvenation was achieved by cryogenic thermal cycling with increase of free volume measured in terms of enthalpy of relaxation. Hardness, stiffness, and yield strength of the BMGs were all found to decrease while plasticity increased after rejuvenation. More free volume in the rejuvenated BMG resulted in homogeneous plastic deformation as was evident from the high strain rate sensitivity and more pronounced shear band multiplication during uniaxial compression. Shear transformation zone (STZ) volume was calculated by cooperative shear model and correlated well with the change in structural state after rejuvenation. The enhanced plasticity with the addition of 1 at. % Ti as well as after cryogenic thermal cycling was explained by lower activation energy for shear flow initiation due to increased heterogeneity induced in the system. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that the variation in plastic deformation behavior is correlated with local atomic structure changes.

Nonaffine Strains Control Ductility of Metallic Glasses

The origin of limited plasticity in metallic glasses is elusive, with no apparent link to their atomic structure. We propose that the response of the glassy structure to applied stress, not the original structure itself, provides a gauge to predict the degree of plasticity. We carried out high-energy x-ray diffraction on various bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) under uniaxial compression within the elastic limit and evaluated the anisotropic pair distribution function. We show that the extent of local deviation from the affine (uniform) deformation in the elastic regime is strongly correlated with the plastic behavior of BMGs beyond yield, across chemical compositions and sample history. The results suggest that the propensity for collective local atomic rearrangements under stress promotes plasticity.

Effect of Annealing on Strain Rate Sensitivity of Metallic Glass under Nanoindentation

The influence of isothermal annealing on the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) was investigated by nanoindentation. A more positive SRS is observed with a decrease in the content of the free volume (FV) of the sample. Furthermore, the SRS becomes nearly constant with increasing annealing time when the FV is annealed out. By taking into consideration the FV-assisted activation and combination of the shear transformation zones (STZs), the underlying mechanism is well understood. The current work may offer useful insights into the correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties of BMGs.

Atomic-scale viscoplasticity mechanisms revealed in high ductility metallic glass films

The fundamental plasticity mechanisms in thin freestanding Zr65Ni35 metallic glass films are investigated in order to unravel the origin of an outstanding strength/ductility balance. The deformation process is homogenous until fracture with no evidence of catastrophic shear banding. The creep/relaxation behaviour of the films was characterized by on-chip tensile testing, revealing an activation volume in the range 100-200 Å3. Advanced high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging and spectroscopy exhibit a very fine glassy nanostructure with well-defined dense Ni-rich clusters embedded in Zr-rich clusters of lower atomic density and a ~2-3 nm characteristic length scale. Nanobeam electron diffraction analysis reveals that the accumulation of plastic deformation at room-temperature correlates with monotonously increasing disruption of the local atomic order. These results provide experimental evidences of the dynamics of shear transformation zones activation in metallic glasses. The impact of the nanoscale structural heterogeneities on the mechanical properties including the rate dependent behaviour is discussed, shedding new light on the governing plasticity mechanisms in metallic glasses with initially heterogeneous atomic arrangement.

Improved Tensile Ductility by Severe Plastic Deformation for Nano-Structured Metallic Glass

The effect of severe plastic deformation by high-pressure torsion (HPT) on the structure and plastic tensile properties of two Zr-based bulk metallic glasses, Zr_55.7Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉Co_8.3 and Zr₆₄Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉, was investigated. The compositions were chosen because, in TEM investigation, Zr_55.7Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉Co_8.3 exhibited nanoscale inhomogeneity, while Zr₆₄Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉ appeared homogeneous on that length scale. The nanoscale inhomogeneity was expected to result in an increased plastic strain limit, as compared to the homogeneous material, which may be further increased by severe mechanical work. The as-cast materials exhibited 0.1% tensile plasticity for Zr₆₄Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉ and Zr_55.7Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉Co_8.3. Following two rotations of HPT treatment, the tensile plastic strain was increased to 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. Further testing was performed by X-ray diffraction and by differential scanning calorimetry. Following two rotations of HPT treatment, the initially fully amorphous Zr_55.7Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉Co_8.3 exhibited significantly increased free volume and a small volume fraction of nanocrystallites. A further increase in HPT rotation number did not result in an increase in plastic ductility of both alloys. Possible reasons for the different mechanical behavior of nanoscale heterogeneous Zr_55.7Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉Co_8.3 and homogeneous Zr₆₄Ni₁₀Al₇Cu₁₉ are presented.

Effect of Applied Stress on the Mechanical Properties of a Zr-Cu-Ag-Al Bulk Metallic Glass with Two Different Structure States

In order to investigate the effect of applied stress on mechanical properties in metallic glasses, nanoindentation tests were conducted on elastically bent Zr-Cu-Ag-Al metallic glasses with two different structure states. From spherical P-h curves, elastic modulus was found to be independent on applied stress. Hardness decreased by ~8% and ~14% with the application of 1.5% tensile strain for as-cast and 650 K annealed specimens, while it was slightly increased at the compressive side. Yield stress could be obtained from the contact pressure at first pop-in position with a conversion coefficient. The experimental result showed a symmetrical effect of applied stress on strengthening and a reduction of the contact pressure at compressive and tensile sides. It was observed that the applied stress plays a negligible effect on creep deformation in as-cast specimen. While for the annealed specimen, creep deformation was facilitated by applied tensile stress and suppressed by applied compressive stress. Strain rate sensitivities (SRS) were calculated from steady-state creep, which were constant for as-cast specimen and strongly correlated with applied stress for the annealed one. The more pronounced effect of applied stress in the 650 K annealed metallic glass could be qualitatively explained through the variation of the shear transformation zone (STZ) size.

Pronounced Plasticity Caused by Phase Separation and β-relaxation Synergistically in Zr-Cu-Al-Mo Bulk Metallic Glasses

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are known to have extraordinary merits such as ultrahigh strength and dynamic toughness etc. but tied to the detrimental brittleness, which has become a critical issue to the engineering application and understanding the glass nature. In this article, we report a new class of Zr-Cu-Al-Mo BMGs with extraordinary plastic strain above 20%. "Work-hardening" effect after yielding in a wide range of plastic deformation process has been detected for this kind of BMGs. Compositional heterogeneity, which can be classified into ZrMo- and Cu-rich zones, was differentiated in this kind of BMG. Pronounced humps have been observed on the high frequency kinetic spectrum in Mo containing BMGs, which is the indicator of β-relaxation transition. The underlying mechanism for the excellent plastic deforming ability of this class of BMGs is ascribed to the synergistic effects of soft ZrMo-rich glass formed through phase separation and abundant flow units which related to β-relaxation.

Correlation between structural heterogeneity and plastic deformation for phase separating FeCu metallic glasses

Unlike crystalline metals, the plastic deformation of metallic glasses (MGs) involves a competition between disordering and structural relaxation ordering, which is not well understood, yet. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the evolutions of strain localizations, short-range order (SRO) as well as the free volume in the glass during compressive deformation of Fe50Cu50 MGs with different degrees of phase separation. Our findings indicate that the free volume in the phase separating MGs decreases while the shear strain localizations increase with increasing degree of phase separation. Cu-centered clusters show higher potential energies and Voronoi volumes, and bear larger local shear strains. On the other hand, Fe-centered pentagon-rich clusters in Cu-rich regions seem to play an important role to resist the shear transformation. The dilatation or annihilation of Voronoi volumes is due to the competition between ordering via structural relaxation and shear stress-induced deformation. The present study could provide a better understanding of the relationship between the structural inhomogeneity and the deformation of MGs.

Origin of Shear Stability and Compressive Ductility Enhancement of Metallic Glasses by Metal Coating

Metallic glasses (MGs) are notorious for the poor macroscopic ductility and to overcome the weakness various intrinsic and extrinsic strategies have been proposed in past decades. Among them, the metal coating is regarded as a flexible and facile approach, yet the physical origin is poorly understood due to the complex nature of shear banding process. Here, we studied the origin of ductile enhancement in the Cu-coating both experimentally and theoretically. By examining serrated shear events and their stability of MGs, we revealed that the thin coating layer plays a key role in stopping the final catastrophic failure of MGs by slowing down shear band dynamics and thus retarding its attainment to a critical instable state. The mechanical analysis on interplay between the coating layer and shear banding process showed the enhanced shear stability mainly comes from the lateral tension of coating layer induced by the surface shear step and the bonding between the coating layer and MGs rather than the layer thickness is found to play a key role in contributing to the shear stability.

Local microstructure evolution at shear bands in metallic glasses with nanoscale phase separation

At room temperature, plastic flow of metallic glasses (MGs) is sharply localized in shear bands, which are a key feature of the plastic deformation in MGs. Despite their clear importance and decades of study, the conditions for formation of shear bands, their structural evolution and multiplication mechanism are still under debate. In this work, we investigate the local conditions at shear bands in new phase-separated bulk MGs containing glassy nanospheres and exhibiting exceptional plasticity under compression. It is found that the glassy nanospheres within the shear band dissolve through mechanical mixing driven by the sharp strain localization there, while those nearby in the matrix coarsen by Ostwald ripening due to the increased atomic mobility. The experimental evidence demonstrates that there exists an affected zone around the shear band. This zone may arise from low-strain plastic deformation in the matrix between the bands. These results suggest that measured property changes originate not only from the shear bands themselves, but also from the affected zones in the adjacent matrix. This work sheds light on direct visualization of deformation-related effects, in particular increased atomic mobility, in the region around shear bands.

Modeling multiscale evolution of numerous voids in shocked brittle material

The influence of the evolution of numerous voids on macroscopic properties of materials is a multiscale problem that challenges computational research. A shock-wave compression model for brittle material, which can obtain both microscopic evolution and macroscopic shock properties, was developed using discrete element methods (lattice model). Using a model interaction-parameter-mapping procedure, qualitative features, as well as trends in the calculated shock-wave profiles, are shown to agree with experimental results. The shock wave splits into an elastic wave and a deformation wave in porous brittle materials, indicating significant shock plasticity. Void collapses in the deformation wave were the natural reason for volume shrinkage and deformation. However, media slippage and rotation deformations indicated by complex vortex patterns composed of relative velocity vectors were also confirmed as an important source of shock plasticity. With increasing pressure, the contribution from slippage deformation to the final plastic strain increased. Porosity was found to determine the amplitude of the elastic wave; porosity and shock stress together determine propagation speed of the deformation wave, as well as stress and strain on the final equilibrium state. Thus, shock behaviors of porous brittle material can be systematically designed for specific applications.

Processing of bulk metallic glass

Bulk metallic glass (BMG) formers are multicomponent alloys that vitrify with remarkable ease during solidification. Technological interest in these materials has been generated by their unique properties, which often surpass those of conventional structural materials. The metastable nature of BMGs, however, has imposed a barrier to broad commercial adoption, particularly where the processing requirements of these alloys conflict with conventional metal processing methods. Research on the crystallization of BMG formers has uncovered novel thermoplastic forming (TPF)-based processing opportunities. Unique among metal processing methods, TPF utilizes the dramatic softening exhibited by a BMG as it approaches its glass-transition temperature and decouples the rapid cooling required to form a glass from the forming step. This article reviews crystallization processes in BMG former and summarizes and compares TPF-based processing methods. Finally, an assessment of scientific and technological advancements required for broader commercial utilization of BMGs will be made.