Time-resolved electronic phase transitions in manganites

Enhanced Field Modulation Sensitivity and Anomalous Polarity-Dependency Emerged in Spatial-Confined Manganite Strips

An anomalous polarity-dependent electrostatic field modulation effect, facilitated by spatial confinement, is found in an oxide-based field-effect prototype device with a spatial-confined Pr_0.7(Ca_0.6Sr_0.4)_0.3MnO₃ channel. It is revealed that the dominant field modulation mode under a small bias field varies from a polarity-independent strain-mediated one to a nonvolatile polarity-dependent one with enhanced modulation sensitivity as the channel width narrows down to several micrometers. Specially, in the structure confined to length scales similar to that of the phase domains, the field modulation exhibits a greatly increased modulation amplitude around the transition temperature and an anomalous bias-polarity dependence that is diametrically opposite to the normal one observed in regular polarization field-effect. Further simulations show that a large in-plane polarization field is unexpectedly induced by a small out-of-plane bias field of 4 kV/cm in the narrow strip (up to 790 kV/cm for the 3 μm strip). Such large in-plane polarization field, facilitated and enhanced by size reduction, drives phase transitions in the narrow channel film, leading to the reconfiguration of percolation channel and nonvolatile modulation of transport properties. Accordingly, the accompanied polarity relationship between the induced in-plane polarization field and the applied vertical bias field well explains the observed anomalous polarity-dependence of the modulation. Our studies reveal a new acting channel in the nanoscale control of lateral configurations of electronic phase separation and macroscopic behaviors by a small vertical electric bias field in spatial-confined field-effect structures. This distinct acting mechanism offers new possibilities for designing low-power all-oxide-based electronic devices and exploiting new types of multifunctionality to other strongly correlated materials where electronic phase competition exists.

Microstructural, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Pr-Doped Perovskite Manganite La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Process

We report on microstructural, magnetic, and optical properties of Pr-doped perovskite manganite (La_1 - xPr_x)_0.67Ca_0.33MnO₃ (LPCMO, x = 0.0-0.5) nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel process. Structural characterizations (X-ray and electron diffraction patterns, (high resolution) TEM images) provide information regarding the phase formation and the single-crystalline nature of the LPCMO systems. X-ray and electron diffraction patterns reveal that all the LPCMO samples crystallize in perovskite crystallography with an orthorhombic structure (Pnma space group), where the MnO₆ octahedron is elongated along the b axis due to the Jahn-Teller effect. That is confirmed by Raman spectra. Crystallite sizes and grain sizes were calculated from XRD and TEM respectively, and the lattice fringes resolved in the high-resolution TEM images of individual LPCMO nanoparticle confirmed its single-crystalline nature. FTIR spectra identify the characteristic Mn-O bond stretching vibration mode near 600 cm^- 1, which shifts towards high wavenumbers with increasing post-annealing temperature or Pr-doping concentration, resulting in further distortion of the MnO₆ octahedron. XPS revealed dual oxidation states of Mn³⁺ and Mn⁴⁺ in the LPCMO nanoparticles. UV-vis absorption spectra confirm the semiconducting nature of the LPCMO nanoparticles with optical bandgaps of 2.55-2.71 eV. Magnetic measurements as a function of temperature and magnetic field at field cooling and zero-field cooling modes, provided a Curie temperature around 230 K, saturation magnetization of about 81 emu/g, and coercive field of 390 Oe at 10 K. Such magnetic properties and the semiconducting nature of the LPCMO nanoparticles will make them as suitable candidate for magnetic semiconductor spintronics.

Temperature dependent infrared nano-imaging of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin film

We investigate the temperature dependence of infrared properties at nanometer length scales in La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ (LSMO) thin film with a thickness of 47 unit cells grown on SrTiO₃ substrate. The infrared nano-imaging experiments were performed using a near-field optical microscope in conjunction with a variable temperature heating stage. The near-field infrared data is consistent with the bulk of the LSMO film undergoing the thermally-driven non-percolative second-order transition from a metallic, ferromagnetic phase to an insulating, paramagnetic phase. We find persistent infrared contrast on the nanoscale that is independent of temperature and which we attribute to two novel phases with different conductivities coexisting in the vicinity of the film-substrate interface. These two coexisting phases at the film-substrate interface do not undergo the metal-insulator transition (MIT) and hence are different from the metallic, ferromagnetic and insulating, paramagnetic phases in the bulk of the film. At temperatures approaching the nominal MIT temperature, repeated scans of the same microscopic area at constant temperature reveal bimodal fluctuation of the near-field infrared amplitude. We interpret this phenomenon as slow, critical fluctuations of the conductivity in the bulk of the LSMO film.

Electron beam induced tunneling magnetoresistance in spatially confined manganite bridges

Certain manganites exhibit rich and technologically relevant transport properties which can often be attributed to the existence and changes of the intrinsic electronic phase competition within these materials. Here we demonstrate that a scanning electron beam can be used to artificially create domain configurations within La_0.3Pr_0.4Ca_0.3MnO₃ thin film microbridges that results in novel magneto-transport effects. In particular, the electron beam preferentially produces insulating regions within the narrow film and can be used to create a configuration consisting of ferromagnetic metallic domains separated by a potential barrier. This arrangement enables the spin-dependent tunneling of charge carriers and can produce large switching tunneling magnetoresistance effects which were initially absent. Hence, this work describes a new and potentially powerful method for engineering the electronic phase domains in manganites to generate functional transport properties that are important for spintronic devices.

Anisotropic imprint of amorphization and phase separation in manganite thin films via laser interference irradiation

Materials with mesoscopic structural and electronic phase separation, either inherent from synthesis or created via external means, are known to exhibit functionalities absent in the homogeneous counterparts. One of the most notable examples is the colossal magnetoresistance discovered in mixed-valence manganites, where the coexistence of nano- to micrometer-sized phase-separated domains dictates the magnetotransport. However, it remains challenging to pattern and process such materials into predesigned structures and devices. In this work, a direct laser interference irradiation (LII) method is employed to produce periodic stripes in thin films of a prototypical phase-separated manganite Pr0.65 (Ca0.75 Sr0.25 )0.35 MnO3 (PCSMO). LII induces selective structural amorphization within the crystalline PCSMO matrix, forming arrays with dimensions commensurate with the laser wavelength. Furthermore, because the length scale of LII modification is compatible to that of phase separation in PCSMO, three orders of magnitude of increase in magnetoresistance and significant in-plane transport anisotropy are observed in treated PCSMO thin films. Our results show that LII is a rapid, cost-effective and contamination-free technique to tailor and improve the physical properties of manganite thin films, and it is promising to be generalized to other functional materials.

Research progress on electronic phase separation in low-dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures

Perovskite oxide manganites with a general formula of R1-x AxMnO3 (where R is a trivalent rare-earth element such as La, Pr, Sm, and A is a divalent alkaline-earth element such as Ca, Sr, and Ba) have received much attention due to their unusual electron-transport and magnetic properties, which are indispensable for applications in microelectronic, magnetic, and spintronic devices. Recent advances in the science and technology have resulted in the feature sizes of microelectronic devices based on perovskite manganite oxides down-scaling into nanoscale dimensions. At the nanoscale, low-dimensional perovskite manganite oxide nanostructures display novel physical properties that are different from their bulk and film counterparts. Recently, there is strong experimental evidence to indicate that the low-dimensional perovskite manganite oxide nanostructures are electronically inhomogeneous, consisting of different spatial regions with different electronic orders, a phenomenon that is named as electronic phase separation (EPS). As the geometry sizes of the low-dimensional manganite nanostructures are reduced to the characteristic EPS length scale (typically several tens of nanometers in manganites), the EPS is expected to be strongly modulated, leading to quite dramatic changes in functionality and more emergent phenomena. Therefore, reduced dimensionality opens a door to the new functionalities in perovskite manganite oxides and offers a way to gain new insight into the nature of EPS. During the past few years, much progress has been made in understanding the physical nature of the EPS in low-dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures both from experimentalists and theorists, which have a profound impact on the oxide nanoelectronics. This nanoreview covers the research progresses of the EPS in low-dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanowires/nanotubes, and nanostructured films and/or patterns. The possible physical origins of the EPS are also discussed from the signatures of electronic inhomogeneities as well as some theoretical scenarios, to shed light on understanding this phenomenon. Finally, the perspectives to the future researches in this area are also outlined.

Fabrication of spatially confined complex oxides

Complex materials such as high Tc superconductors, multiferroics, and colossal magnetoresistors have electronic and magnetic properties that arise from the inherent strong electron correlations that reside within them. These materials can also possess electronic phase separation in which regions of vastly different resistive and magnetic behavior can coexist within a single crystal alloy material. By reducing the scale of these materials to length scales at and below the inherent size of the electronic domains, novel behaviors can be exposed. Because of this and the fact that spin-charge-lattice-orbital order parameters each involve correlation lengths, spatially reducing these materials for transport measurements is a critical step in understanding the fundamental physics that drives complex behaviors. These materials also offer great potential to become the next generation of electronic devices (1-3). Thus, the fabrication of low dimensional nano- or micro-structures is extremely important to achieve new functionality. This involves multiple controllable processes from high quality thin film growth to accurate electronic property characterization. Here, we present fabrication protocols of high quality microstructures for complex oxide manganite devices. Detailed descriptions and required equipment of thin film growth, photo-lithography, and wire-bonding are presented.

Nanostructure studies of strongly correlated materials

Strongly correlated materials exhibit an amazing variety of phenomena, including metal-insulator transitions, colossal magnetoresistance, and high temperature superconductivity, as strong electron-electron and electron-phonon couplings lead to competing correlated ground states. Recently, researchers have begun to apply nanostructure-based techniques to this class of materials, examining electronic transport properties on previously inaccessible length scales, and applying perturbations to drive systems out of equilibrium. We review progress in this area, particularly emphasizing work in transition metal oxides (Fe(3)O(4), VO(2)), manganites, and high temperature cuprate superconductors. We conclude that such nanostructure-based studies have strong potential to reveal new information about the rich physics at work in these materials.

Tuning the metal-insulator transition in manganite films through surface exchange coupling with magnetic nanodots

In strongly correlated electronic systems, the global transport behavior depends sensitively on spin ordering. We show that spin ordering in manganites can be controlled by depositing isolated ferromagnetic nanodots at the surface. The exchange field at the interface is tunable with nanodot density and makes it possible to overcome dimensionality and strain effects in frustrated systems to greatly increasing the metal-insulator transition and magnetoresistance. These findings indicate that electronic phase separation can be controlled by the presence of magnetic nanodots.

Collective dynamics underpins Rayleigh behavior in disordered polycrystalline ferroelectrics

Nanoscale and mesoscopic disorder and associated local hysteretic responses underpin the unique properties of spin and cluster glasses, phase-separated oxides, polycrystalline ferroelectrics, and ferromagnets alike. Despite the rich history of the field, the relationship between the statistical descriptors of hysteresis behavior such as Preisach density, and micro and nanostructure has remained elusive. By using polycrystalline ferroelectric capacitors as a model system, we now report quantitative nonlinearity measurements in 0.025-1 microm(3) volumes, approximately 10(6) times smaller than previously possible. We discover that the onset of nonlinear behavior with thickness proceeds through formation and increase of areal density of micron-scale regions with large nonlinear response embedded in a more weakly nonlinear matrix. This observation indicates that large-scale collective domain wall dynamics, as opposed to motion of noninteracting walls, underpins Rayleigh behavior in disordered ferroelectrics. The measurements provide evidence for the existence and extent of the domain avalanches in ferroelectric materials, forcing us to rethink 100-year old paradigms.

An investigation of first-order transition across charge ordered and ferromagnetic phases in Gd(0.5)Sr(0.5)MnO3 single crystals by magnetic and magnetotransport studies

Gadolinium strontium manganite single crystals of the composition Gd(0.5)Sr(0.5)MnO(3) were grown using the optical float zone method. We report here the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of these crystals. A large magnetoresistance ∼10(9)% was observed at 45 K under the application of a 110 kOe field. We have observed notable thermomagnetic anomalies such as open hysteresis loops across the broadened first-order transition between the charge order insulator and the ferromagnetic metallic phase while traversing the magnetic field-temperature (H-T) plane isothermally or isomagnetically. In order to discern the cause of these observed anomalies, the H-T phase diagram for Gd(0.5)Sr(0.5)MnO(3) is formulated using the magnetization-field (M-H), magnetization-temperature (M-T) and resistance-temperature (R-T) measurements. The temperature dependence of the critical field (i.e. H(up), the field required for transformation to the ferromagnetic metallic phase) is non-monotonic. We note that the non-monotonic variation of the supercooling limit is anomalous according to the classical concepts of the first-order phase transition. Accordingly, H(up) values below ∼20 K are unsuitable to represent the supercooling limit. It is possible that the nature of the metastable states responsible for the observed open hysteresis loops is different from that of the supercooled ones.