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Zhao H, Wang Q, Wen Z, Sun H, Ji S, Meng X, Zhang R, Jiang J, Tang Z, Liu F. Excitation Wavelength-Dependent Fluorescence of a Lanthanide Organic Metal Halide Cluster for Anti-Counterfeiting Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202316336. [PMID: 37966337 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of significant photoluminescence (PL) in lanthanide ions (Ln3+ ) has primarily relied on host sensitization, where energy is transferred from the excited host material to the Ln3+ ions. However, this luminous mechanism involves only one optical antenna, namely the host material, which limits the accessibility of excitation wavelength-dependent (Ex-De) PL. Consequently, the wider application of Ln3+ ions in light-emitting devices is hindered. In this study, we present an organic-inorganic compound, (DMA)4 LnCl7 (DMA+ =[CH3 NH2 CH3 ]+ , Ln3+ =Ce3+ , Tb3+ ), which serves as an independent host lattice material for efficient Ex-De emission by doping it with trivalent antimony (Sb3+ ). The pristine (DMA)4 LnCl7 compounds exhibit high luminescence, maintaining the characteristic sharp emission bands of Ln3+ and demonstrating a high PL quantum yield of 90-100 %. Upon Sb3+ doping, the compound exhibits noticeable Ex-De emission with switchable colors. Through a detailed spectral study, we observe that the prominent energy transfer process observed in traditional host-sensitized systems is absent in these materials. Instead, they exhibit two independent emission centers from Ln3+ and Sb3+ , each displaying distinct features in luminous color and radiative lifetime. These findings open up new possibilities for designing Ex-De emitters based on Ln3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qiujie Wang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Ziying Wen
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Sujun Ji
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Meng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Junke Jiang
- Materials Simulation and Modelling, Department of Applied Physics, and Center for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Current address: Univ. Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Zhe Tang
- Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
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2
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Charge density, atomic bonding and band structure of two-dimensional Sn, Sb, and Pb semimetals. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Raspe K, Müller M, Iwe N, Wolf RN, Oelßner P, Martinez F, Schweikhard L, Meiwes-Broer KH, Tiggesbäumker J. A versatile setup for studying size and charge-state selected polyanionic nanoparticles. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:043301. [PMID: 35489944 DOI: 10.1063/5.0085187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using the example of metal clusters, an experimental setup and procedure is presented, which allows for the generation of size and charge-state selected polyanions from monoanions in a molecular beam. As a characteristic feature of this modular setup, the further charging process via sequential electron attachment within a three-state digital trap takes place after mass-selection. In contrast to other approaches, the rf-based concept permits access to heavy particles. The procedure is highly flexible with respect to the preparation process and potentially suitable for a wide variety of anionic species. By adjusting the storage conditions, i.e., the radio frequency, to the change in the mass-to-charge ratio, we succeeded in producing clusters in highly negative charge states, i.e., Ag800 7-. The capabilities of the setup are demonstrated by experiments extracting electronic and optical properties of polyanionic metal clusters by analyzing the corresponding photoelectron spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raspe
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - N Iwe
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - R N Wolf
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Oelßner
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - F Martinez
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - L Schweikhard
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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4
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Iwe N, Raspe K, Müller M, Martinez F, Schweikhard L, Meiwes-Broer KH, Tiggesbäumker J. Size and charge-state dependence of detachment energies of polyanionic silver clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:164303. [PMID: 34717355 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic properties of silver clusters (N up to 800) charged by attachment of up to z = 7 excess electrons are investigated. As an essential preparation step, the technique of in-trap electron attachment to size-selected monoanions within a linear Paul trap is applied. By taking advantage of tunable laser pulses, the photoelectron spectra allow us to evaluate details of the electronic structure of polyanionic metal clusters, giving a multidimensional dataset. The subsequent analysis based on the liquid drop model provides information about the atomic structure and the bulk work function at a hitherto unknown quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Iwe
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - K Raspe
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - F Martinez
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - L Schweikhard
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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6
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Martins M, Reinwardt S, Schunck JO, Schwarz J, Baev K, Müller A, Buhr T, Perry-Sassmannshausen A, Klumpp S, Schippers S. Disentangling the Photodissociation Dynamics of the HF + Molecular Radical via Kinetic-Energy-Release-Resolved F 1s Core Excitation and Ionization. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1390-1395. [PMID: 33508188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The F 1s core level photoionization of the ionic molecular radical HF+ has been studied using the photon-ion merged-beams technique at a synchrotron radiation source. Upon analyzing kinetic energy release (KER) dependent photoion yield spectra, complex ultrafast dissociation dynamics of the F 1s core hole excited σ* state can be revealed. By means of configuration-interaction electronic structure calculations of the excited molecular potential energy curves, this complex process can be attributed to a spin-dependent dissociation of the excited σ* biradical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martins
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Reinwardt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J O Schunck
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Schwarz
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Baev
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Müller
- Institut für Atom- und Molekülphysik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Leihgesterner Weg 217, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - T Buhr
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Perry-Sassmannshausen
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S Klumpp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Schippers
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Center for Informatics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, U. P., India
- Dr. Vijay Kumar Foundation, 1969 Sector 4, Gurgaon 122001, Haryana, India
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8
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Walter M, Vogel M, Zamudio-Bayer V, Lindblad R, Reichenbach T, Hirsch K, Langenberg A, Rittmann J, Kulesza A, Mitrić R, Moseler M, Möller T, von Issendorff B, Lau JT. Experimental and theoretical 2p core-level spectra of size-selected gas-phase aluminum and silicon cluster cations: chemical shifts, geometric structure, and coordination-dependent screening. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6651-6661. [PMID: 30855620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present 2p core-level spectra of size-selected aluminum and silicon cluster cations from soft X-ray photoionization efficiency curves and density functional theory. The experimental and theoretical results are in very good quantitative agreement and allow for geometric structure determination. New ground state geometries for Al12+, Si15+, Si16+, and Si19+ are proposed on this basis. The chemical shifts of the 2p electron binding energies reveal a substantial difference for aluminum and silicon clusters: while in aluminum the 2p electron binding energy decreases with increasing coordination number, no such correlation was observed for silicon. The 2p binding energy shifts in clusters of both elements differ strongly from those of the corresponding bulk matter. For aluminum clusters, the core-level shifts between outer shell atoms and the encapsulated atom are of opposite sign and one order of magnitude larger than the corresponding core-level shift between surface and bulk atoms in the solid. For silicon clusters, the core-level shifts are of the same order of magnitude in clusters and in bulk silicon but no obvious correlation of chemical shift and bond length, as present for reconstructed silicon surfaces, are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walter
- Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. and Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie CentrumμTC, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Vogel
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Reichenbach
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie CentrumμTC, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Langenberg
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Rittmann
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Kulesza
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moseler
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie CentrumμTC, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany and Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Li G, Chen X, Yang H, Xu B, Yang B, Liu D. The Density Functional Theory Investigation on the Structural, Relative Stable and Electronic Properties of Bimetallic PbnSbn (n = 2–12) Clusters. J CLUST SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-018-1450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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König S, Jankowski A, Marx G, Schweikhard L, Wolfram M. Fission of Polyanionic Metal Clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:163001. [PMID: 29756934 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Size-selected dianionic lead clusters Pb_{n}^{2-}, n=34-56, are stored in a Penning trap and studied with respect to their decay products upon photoexcitation. Contrary to the decay of other dianionic metal clusters, these lead clusters show a variety of decay channels. The mass spectra of the fragments are compared to the corresponding spectra of the monoanionic precursors. This comparison leads to the conclusion that, in the cluster size region below about n=48, the fission reaction Pb_{n}^{2-}→Pb_{n-10}^{-}+Pb_{10}^{-} is the major decay process. Its disappearance at larger cluster sizes may be an indication of a nonmetal to metal transition. Recently, the pair of Pb_{10}^{-} and Pb_{n-10}^{-} were observed as pronounced fragments in electron-attachment studies [S. König et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 421, 129 (2017)IMSPF81387-380610.1016/j.ijms.2017.06.009]. The present findings suggest that this combination is the fingerprint of the decay of doubly charged lead clusters. With this assumption, the dianion clusters have been traced down to Pb_{21}^{2-}, whereas the smallest size for the direct observation was as high as n=28.
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Affiliation(s)
- S König
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Jankowski
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Marx
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Schweikhard
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Wolfram
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Shi L, Li Y, Rong X, Wang Y, Ding S. Facile fabrication of a novel 3D graphene framework/Bi nanoparticle film for ultrasensitive electrochemical assays of heavy metal ions. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 968:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Li G, Wang J, Chen X, Zhou Z, Yang H, Yang B, Xu B, Liu D. Bimetallic Pb n Cu n (n = 2–14) clusters were investigated by density functional theory. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Douix S, Duflot D, Cubaynes D, Bizau JM, Giuliani A. Photoionization of the Buckminsterfullerene Cation. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:7-12. [PMID: 28052677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoionization of a buckminsterfullerene ion is investigated using an ion trap and a merged beam setup coupled to synchrotron radiation beamlines and compared to theoretical calculations. Absolute measurements derived from the ion trap experiment allow discrepancies concerning the photoionization cross section of C60+ to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie Douix
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Denis Duflot
- Univsité Lille, UMR 8523 - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules , F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8523 , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis Cubaynes
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bizau
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UAR 1008 CEPIA, INRA , F-44316 Nantes, France
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14
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Götz DA, Shayeghi A, Johnston RL, Schwerdtfeger P, Schäfer R. Structural evolution and metallicity of lead clusters. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11153-11160. [PMID: 27181365 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the metallic state in lead clusters and its structural implications are subject to ongoing discussions. Here we present molecular beam electric deflection studies of neutral PbN (N = 19-25, 31, 36, 54) clusters. Many of them exhibit dipole moments or anomalies of the polarizability indicating a non-metallic state. In order to resolve their structures, the configurational space is searched using the Pool Birmingham Cluster Genetic algorithm based on density functional theory. Spin-orbit effects on the geometries and dipole moments are taken into account by further relaxing them with two-component density functional theory. Geometries and dielectric properties from quantum chemical calculations are then used to simulate beam deflection profiles. Structures are assigned by the comparison of measured and simulated beam profiles. Energy gaps are calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. They are compared to Kubo gaps, which are an indicator of the metallicity in finite particles. Both, experimental and theoretical data suggest that lead clusters are not metallic up to at least 36 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Götz
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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15
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Palutke S, Gerken NC, Mertens K, Klumpp S, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, Wunderer C, Graafsma H, Meiwes-Broer KH, Wurth W, Martins M. Spectrometer for shot-to-shot photon energy characterization in the multi-bunch mode of the free electron laser at Hamburg. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:113107. [PMID: 26628121 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The setup and first results from commissioning of a fast online photon energy spectrometer for the vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser at Hamburg (FLASH) at DESY are presented. With the use of the latest advances in detector development, the presented spectrometer reaches readout frequencies up to 1 MHz. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to record online photon energy spectra on a shot-to-shot base in the multi-bunch mode of FLASH. Clearly resolved shifts in the mean wavelength over the pulse train as well as shot-to-shot wavelength fluctuations arising from the statistical nature of the photon generating self-amplified spontaneous emission process have been observed. In addition to an online tool for beam calibration and photon diagnostics, the spectrometer enables the determination and selection of spectral data taken with a transparent experiment up front over the photon energy of every shot. This leads to higher spectral resolutions without the loss of efficiency or photon flux by using single-bunch mode or monochromators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palutke
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N C Gerken
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Mertens
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Klumpp
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Ch-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Ch-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C Wunderer
- Deutsches Elekronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Graafsma
- Deutsches Elekronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institute for Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - W Wurth
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Martins
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Zhang C, Andersson T, Mikkelä MH, Mårsell E, Björneholm O, Xu X, Tchaplyguine M, Liu Z. Alloying and oxidation of in situ produced core-shell Al@Yb nanoalloy particles—An “on-the-fly” study. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:084302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4893115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Chakraborty I, Erusappan J, Govindarajan A, Sugi KS, Udayabhaskararao T, Ghosh A, Pradeep T. Emergence of metallicity in silver clusters in the 150 atom regime: a study of differently sized silver clusters. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:8024-31. [PMID: 24905949 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00679h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the systematic appearance of a plasmon-like optical absorption feature in silver clusters protected with 2-phenylethanethiol (PET), 4-flurothiophenol (4-FTP) and (4-(t-butyl)benzenethiol (BBS) as a function of cluster size. A wide range of clusters, namely, Ag₄₄(4-FTP)₃₀, Ag₅₅(PET)₃₁, ∼Ag₇₅(PET)₄₀, ∼Ag₁₁₄(PET)₄₆, Ag₁₅₂(PET)₆₀, ∼Ag₂₀₂(BBS)₇₀, ∼Ag₄₂₃(PET)₁₀₅, and ∼Ag₅₃₀(PET)₁₀₀ were prepared. The UV/Vis spectra show multiple features up to ∼Ag₁₁₄; and thereafter, from Ag₁₅₂ onwards, the plasmonic feature corresponding to a single peak at ∼460 nm evolves, which points to the emergence of metallicity in clusters composed of ∼150 metal atoms. A minor blue shift in the plasmonic peak was observed as cluster sizes increased and merged with the spectrum of plasmonic nanoparticles of 4.8 nm diameter protected with PET. Clusters with different ligands, such as 4-FTP and BBS, also show this behavior, which suggests that the 'emergence of metallicity' is independent of the functionality of the thiol ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranath Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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Götz DA, Shayeghi A, Johnston RL, Schwerdtfeger P, Schäfer R. Influence of spin-orbit effects on structures and dielectric properties of neutral lead clusters. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:164313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4872369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Peters S, Peredkov S, Neeb M, Eberhardt W, Al-Hada M. Size-dependent Auger spectra and two-hole Coulomb interaction of small supported Cu-clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013. [PMID: 23666087 DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Auger (L3M4,5M4,5) and X-ray photoionization spectra (2p, 3d) of mass-selected CuN-clusters supported by a thin natural silica layer are presented in the size range N = 8-55 atoms per cluster. The Auger spectra of all clusters are shifted to a lower kinetic energy with respect to the spectrum of the bulk. Furthermore the Auger energy decreases systematically with decreasing cluster size. The binding energies of the 2p and 3d valence states are higher than the corresponding bulk values. Using the energy of the Auger main line, the corresponding core hole peak and the centroid of the self-convoluted 3d valence band the on-site Coulomb interaction energy Udd of the two-hole final state as a function of cluster size has been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Campus Adlershof, Elektronenspeicherring BESSY II, Berlin, Germany
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Antonsson E, Bresch H, Lewinski R, Wassermann B, Leisner T, Graf C, Langer B, Rühl E. Free nanoparticles studied by soft X-rays. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Li H, Chen W, Wang F, Sun Q, Guo ZX, Jia Y. Tin clusters formed by fundamental units: a potential way to assemble tin nanowires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:1831-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Andersson T, Zhang C, Tchaplyguine M, Svensson S, Mårtensson N, Björneholm O. The electronic structure of free aluminum clusters: metallicity and plasmons. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:204504. [PMID: 22667568 DOI: 10.1063/1.4718362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure of free aluminum clusters with ∼3-4 nm radius has been investigated using synchrotron radiation-based photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy. A beam of free clusters has been produced using a gas-aggregation source. The 2p core level and the valence band have been probed. Photoelectron energy-loss features corresponding to both bulk and surface plasmon excitation following photoionization of the 2p level have been observed, and the excitation energies have been derived. In contrast to some expectations, the loss features have been detected at energies very close to those of the macroscopic solid. The results are discussed from the point of view of metallic properties in nanoparticles with a finite number of constituent atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Andersson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Raitza T, Röpke G, Reinholz H, Morozov I. Spatially resolved dynamic structure factor of finite systems from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Rev E 2011; 84:036406. [PMID: 22060512 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.036406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dynamical response of metallic clusters up to 10(3) atoms is investigated using the restricted molecular dynamics simulations scheme. Exemplarily, a sodium like material is considered. Correlation functions are evaluated to investigate the spatial structure of collective electron excitations and the optical response of laser-excited clusters. In particular, the spectrum of bilocal correlation functions shows resonances representing different modes of collective excitations inside the nano plasma. The spatial structure, the resonance energy, and the width of the eigenmodes have been investigated for various values of electron density, temperature, cluster size, and ionization degree. Comparison with bulk properties is performed and the dispersion relation of collective excitations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Raitza
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany.
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Andersson T, Zhang C, Rosso A, Bradeanu I, Legendre S, Canton SE, Tchaplyguine M, Öhrwall G, Sorensen SL, Svensson S, Mårtensson N, Björneholm O. Plasmon single- and multi-quantum excitation in free metal clusters as seen by photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:094511. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3563751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lau JT, Vogel M, Langenberg A, Hirsch K, Rittmann J, Zamudio-Bayer V, Möller T, Issendorff BV. Communication: Highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps of doped silicon clusters from core level spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:041102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3547699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bowlan J, Liang A, de Heer WA. How metallic are small sodium clusters? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:043401. [PMID: 21405327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.043401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic cluster beam experiments have provided crucial insights into the evolution of the metallic state from the atom to the bulk. Surprisingly, one of the most fundamental metallic properties, the ability of a metal to efficiently screen electric fields, is still poorly understood in small clusters. Theory has predicted that many small Na clusters are unable to screen charge inhomogeneities and thus have permanent dipole moments. High precision electric deflection experiments on cryogenically cooled Na(N) (N<200) clusters show that the electric dipole moments are at least an order of magnitude smaller than predicted, and are consistent with zero, as expected for a metal. The polarizabilities of Na clusters also show metal sphere behavior, with fine size oscillations caused by the shell structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bowlan
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Meinen J, Khasminskaya S, Eritt M, Leisner T, Antonsson E, Langer B, Rühl E. Core level photoionization on free sub-10-nm nanoparticles using synchrotron radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:085107. [PMID: 20815628 DOI: 10.1063/1.3475154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel instrument is presented, which permits studies on singly charged free nanoparticles in the diameter range from 1 to 30 nm using synchrotron radiation in the soft x-ray regime. It consists of a high pressure nanoparticle source, a high efficiency nanoparticle beam inlet, and an electron time-of-flight spectrometer suitable for probing surface and bulk properties of free, levitated nanoparticles. We show results from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study near the Si L(3,2)-edge on 8.2 nm SiO(2) particles prepared in a nanoparticle beam. The possible use of this apparatus regarding chemical reactions on the surface of nanometer-sized particles is highlighted. This approach has the potential to be exploited for process studies on heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meinen
- Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Prussakowska M, Sokalska M, Gierczyk B, Kozik T, Frański R. Lead clusters in the gas phase obtained by laser desorption/ionization from lead(II) acetate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1925-1929. [PMID: 20533323 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Peters S, Peredkov S, Balkaya B, Ferretti N, Neeb M, Eberhardt W. Evolution of metallic screening in small metal clusters probed by PCI-Auger spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9867-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c004334f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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31
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Peters S, Peredkov S, Balkaya B, Ferretti N, Savci A, Vollmer A, Neeb M, Eberhardt W. Inner-shell photoionization spectroscopy on deposited metal clusters using soft x-ray synchrotron radiation: an experimental setup. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:125106. [PMID: 20059169 DOI: 10.1063/1.3267193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of mass-selected clusters by soft x-ray synchrotron radiation is well suited to receive element specific information on clusters in contact with a support and to systematically follow the evolution of size-dependent electronic and geometrical properties from the smallest clusters toward the bulk. Here we describe an experimental setup, which combines cluster synthesis, mass selection, soft landing, ultrahigh vacuum transfer, and photoionization experiments such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray absorption, and Auger electron spectroscopy. First spectroscopic results and experimental conditions are briefly discussed for Cu(19) deposited onto the natural oxide layer of a Si-wafer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Campus Adlershof, Elektronenspeicherring BESSY II, Albert-Einstein Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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