1
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Franciolini G, Racco D, Rompineve F. Footprints of the QCD Crossover on Cosmological Gravitational Waves at Pulsar Timing Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:081001. [PMID: 38457711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.081001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) have reported evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background at nanohertz frequencies, possibly originating in the early Universe. We show that the spectral shape of the low-frequency (causality) tail of GW signals sourced at temperatures around T≳1 GeV is distinctively affected by confinement of strong interactions (QCD), due to the corresponding sharp decrease in the number of relativistic species, and significantly deviates from ∼f^{3} commonly adopted in the literature. Bayesian analyses in the NANOGrav 15 years and the previous international PTA datasets reveal a significant improvement in the fit with respect to cubic power-law spectra, previously employed for the causality tail. While no conclusion on the nature of the signal can be drawn at the moment, our results show that the inclusion of standard model effects on cosmological GWs can have a decisive impact on model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Franciolini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma and INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Racco
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Fabrizio Rompineve
- CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Esplanade des Particules 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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2
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Flores MM, Kusenko A, Sasaki M. Gravitational Waves from Rapid Structure Formation on Microscopic Scales before Matter-Radiation Equality. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:011003. [PMID: 37478428 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.011003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The existence of scalar fields can be probed by observations of stochastic gravitational waves. Scalar fields mediate attractive forces, usually stronger than gravity, on the length scales shorter than their Compton wavelengths, which can be non-negligible in the early Universe, when the horizon size is small. These attractive forces exhibit an instability similar to the gravitational instability, only stronger. They can, therefore, lead to the growth of structures in some species. We identify a gravitational waves signature of such processes and show that it can be detected by future gravitational waves experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos M Flores
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, 90095-1547, USA
| | - Alexander Kusenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, 90095-1547, USA
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Misao Sasaki
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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3
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Lozanov KD, Takhistov V. Enhanced Gravitational Waves from Inflaton Oscillons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:181002. [PMID: 37204914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.181002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In broad classes of inflationary models the period of accelerated expansion is followed by fragmentation of the inflaton scalar field into localized, long-lived, and massive oscillon excitations. We demonstrate that matter dominance of oscillons, followed by their rapid decay, significantly enhances the primordial gravitational wave (GW) spectrum. These oscillon-induced GWs, sourced by second-order perturbations, are distinct and could be orders of magnitude lower in frequency than the previously considered GWs associated with oscillon formation. We show that detectable oscillon-induced GW signatures establish direct tests independent from cosmic microwave background radiation for regions of parameter space of monodromy, and logarithmic and pure natural (plateau) potential classes of inflationary models, among others. We demonstrate that oscillon-induced GWs in a model based on pure natural inflation could be directly observable with the Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer, and DECIGO. These signatures offer a new route for probing the underlying inflationary physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaloian D Lozanov
- Illinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - Volodymyr Takhistov
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles (QUP, WPI), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
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4
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Type I Shapovalov Wave Spacetimes in the Brans–Dicke Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravity. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14122636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exact solutions for Shapovalov wave spacetimes of type I in Brans–Dicke’s scalar-tensor theory of gravity are constructed. Shapovalov wave spacetimes describe gravitational wave models that allow for the the separation of wave variables in privileged coordinate systems. In contrast to general relativity, the vacuum field equations of the Brans–Dicke scalar-tensor theory of gravity lead to exact solutions for type I Shapovalov spaces, allowing for the the construction of observational tests to detect such wave disturbances. Furthermore, the equations for the trajectories of the test particles are obtained for the models considered.
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5
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Ota A, Macpherson HJ, Coulton WR. Covariant transverse-traceless projection for secondary gravitational waves. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.063521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Bari P, Ricciardone A, Bartolo N, Bertacca D, Matarrese S. Signatures of Primordial Gravitational Waves on the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:091301. [PMID: 36083643 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the generation and evolution of second-order energy-density perturbations arising from primordial gravitational waves. Such "tensor-induced scalar modes" approximately evolve as standard linear matter perturbations and may leave observable signatures in the large-scale structure of the Universe. We study the imprint on the matter power spectrum of some primordial models which predict a large gravitational-wave signal at high frequencies. This novel mechanism, in principle, allows us to constrain or detect primordial gravitational waves by looking at specific features in the matter or galaxy power spectrum, thereby allowing us to probe them on a range of scales unexplored so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bari
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Ricciardone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Bartolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Bertacca
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Sabino Matarrese
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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7
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Zhang F. Primordial black holes and scalar induced gravitational waves from the
E
model with a Gauss-Bonnet term. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.105.063539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Kristiano J, Yokoyama J. Why Must Primordial Non-Gaussianity Be Very Small? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:061301. [PMID: 35213181 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One-loop correction to the power spectrum in generic single-field inflation is calculated by using standard perturbation theory. Because of the enhancement inversely proportional to the observed red tilt of the spectral index of curvature perturbation, the correction turns out to be much larger than previously anticipated. As a result, the primordial non-Gaussianity must be much smaller than the current observational bound in order to warrant the validity of cosmological perturbation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kristiano
- Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Yokoyama
- Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
- Trans-Scale Quantum Science Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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9
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Romero-Rodríguez A, Martínez M, Pujolàs O, Sakellariadou M, Vaskonen V. Search for a Scalar Induced Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background in the Third LIGO-Virgo Observing Run. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:051301. [PMID: 35179921 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of primordial black holes from inflationary fluctuations is accompanied by a scalar induced gravitational wave background. We perform a Bayesian search of such background in the data from Advanced LIGO and Virgo's first, second, and third observing runs, parametrizing the peak in the curvature power spectrum by a log-normal distribution. The search shows no evidence for such a background. We place 95% confidence level upper limits on the integrated power of the curvature power spectrum peak which, for a narrow width, reaches down to 0.02 at 10^{17} Mpc^{-1}. The resulting constraints are stronger than those arising from big bang nucleosynthesis or cosmic microwave background observations. In addition, we find that the constraints from LIGO and Virgo, at their design sensitivity, and from the Einstein Telescope can compete with those related to the abundance of the formed primordial black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Romero-Rodríguez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Pujolàs
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mairi Sakellariadou
- Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, King's College London, University of London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Ville Vaskonen
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Wu YP, Pinetti E, Silk J. Cosmic Coincidences of Primordial-Black-Hole Dark Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:031102. [PMID: 35119885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
If primordial black holes (PBHs) contribute more than 10% of the dark matter (DM) density, their energy density today is of the same order as that of the baryons. Such a cosmic coincidence might hint at a mutual origin for the formation scenario of PBHs and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Baryogenesis can be triggered by a sharp transition of the rolling rate of inflaton from slow-roll to (nearly) ultraslow-roll phases that produce large curvature perturbations for PBH formation in single-field inflationary models. We show that the baryogenesis requirement drives the PBH contribution to DM, along with the inferred PBH mass range, the resulting stochastic gravitational wave background frequency window, and the associated cosmic microwave background tensor-to-scalar ratio amplitude, into potentially observable regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Wu
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), UMR 7589 CNRS and Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Elena Pinetti
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), UMR 7589 CNRS and Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Torino and INFN, Sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Theoretical Astrophysics Department, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, 60510, USA
| | - Joseph Silk
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Beecroft Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
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11
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Liang ZC, Hu YM, Jiang Y, Cheng J, Zhang JD, Mei J. Science with the TianQin Observatory: Preliminary results on stochastic gravitational-wave background. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.105.022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Cai YF, Jiang J, Sasaki M, Vardanyan V, Zhou Z. Beating the Lyth Bound by Parametric Resonance during Inflation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:251301. [PMID: 35029452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.251301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel mechanism for enhancing primordial gravitational waves without significantly affecting the curvature perturbations produced during inflation. This is achieved due to nonlinear sourcing of resonantly amplified scalar field fluctuations. Our result is an explicit scale-dependent counterexample of the famous Lyth bound, which opens up a promising perspective of producing detectable inflationary tensor modes with low-scale inflation and a sub-Planckian field excursion. We explicitly demonstrate the testability of our mechanism with upcoming cosmic microwave background B-mode observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fu Cai
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Misao Sasaki
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Center for Gravitational Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Valeri Vardanyan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - Zihan Zhou
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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13
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Carr B, Kohri K, Sendouda Y, Yokoyama J. Constraints on primordial black holes. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:116902. [PMID: 34874316 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac1e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We update the constraints on the fraction of the Universe that may have gone into primordial black holes (PBHs) over the mass range 10-5to 1050 g. Those smaller than ∼1015 g would have evaporated by now due to Hawking radiation, so their abundance at formation is constrained by the effects of evaporated particles on big bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the Galactic and extragalacticγ-ray and cosmic ray backgrounds and the possible generation of stable Planck mass relics. PBHs larger than ∼1015 g are subject to a variety of constraints associated with gravitational lensing, dynamical effects, influence on large-scale structure, accretion and gravitational waves. We discuss the constraints on both the initial collapse fraction and the current fraction of the dark matter (DM) in PBHs at each mass scale but stress that many of the constraints are associated with observational or theoretical uncertainties. We also consider indirect constraints associated with the amplitude of the primordial density fluctuations, such as second-order tensor perturbations andμ-distortions arising from the effect of acoustic reheating on the CMB, if PBHs are created from the high-σpeaks of nearly Gaussian fluctuations. Finally we discuss how the constraints are modified if the PBHs have an extended mass function, this being relevant if PBHs provide some combination of the DM, the LIGO/Virgo coalescences and the seeds for cosmic structure. Even if PBHs make a small contribution to the DM, they could play an important cosmological role and provide a unique probe of the early Universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Carr
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kohri
- Theory Center, IPNS, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
| | - Yuuiti Sendouda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Yokoyama
- Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Trans-Scale Quantum Science Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Abstract
We provide a review on the state-of-the-art of gravitational waves induced by primordial fluctuations, so-called induced gravitational waves. We present the intuitive physics behind induced gravitational waves and we revisit and unify the general analytical formulation. We then present general formulas in a compact form, ready to be applied. This review places emphasis on the open possibility that the primordial universe experienced a different expansion history than the often assumed radiation dominated cosmology. We hope that anyone interested in the topic will become aware of current advances in the cosmology of induced gravitational waves, as well as becoming familiar with the calculations behind.
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15
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Pujolas O, Vaskonen V, Veermäe H. Prospects for probing gravitational waves from primordial black hole binaries. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.104.083521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Haque MR, Maity D, Paul T, Sriramkumar L. Decoding the phases of early and late time reheating through imprints on primordial gravitational waves. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.104.063513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Inomata K, Kawasaki M, Mukaida K, Yanagida TT. NANOGrav Results and LIGO-Virgo Primordial Black Holes in Axionlike Curvaton Models. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:131301. [PMID: 33861092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.131301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We discuss a possible connection between the recent NANOGrav results and the primordial black holes (PBHs) for the LIGO-Virgo events. In particular, we focus on the axionlike curvaton model, which provides a sizable amount of PBHs and gravitational waves (GWs) induced by scalar perturbations around the NANOGrav frequency range. The inevitable non-Gaussianity of this model suppresses the induced GWs associated with PBHs for the LIGO-Virgo events to be compatible with the NANOGrav results. We show that the axionlike curvaton model can account for PBHs for the LIGO-Virgo events and the NANOGrav results simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Inomata
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- ICRR, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
| | - Kyohei Mukaida
- CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tsutomu T Yanagida
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
- T. D. Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
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18
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Ali A, Gong Y, Lu Y. Gauge transformation of scalar induced tensor perturbation during matter domination. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.103.043516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Vaskonen V, Veermäe H. Did NANOGrav See a Signal from Primordial Black Hole Formation? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:051303. [PMID: 33605761 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.051303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We show that the recent NANOGrav result can be interpreted as a stochastic gravitational wave signal associated to formation of primordial black holes from high-amplitude curvature perturbations. The indicated amplitude and power of the gravitational wave spectrum agrees well with formation of primordial seeds for supermassive black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Vaskonen
- Institut de Fisica dAltes Energies, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hardi Veermäe
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia
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20
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Liu L, Guo ZK, Cai RG, Kim SP. Merger rate distribution of primordial black hole binaries with electric charges. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.043508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Kapadia SJ, Pandey KL, Suyama T, Ajith P. Prospects for probing ultralight primordial black holes using the stochastic gravitational-wave background induced by primordial curvature perturbations. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.101.123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chen ZC, Yuan C, Huang QG. Pulsar Timing Array Constraints on Primordial Black Holes with NANOGrav 11-Year Dataset. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:251101. [PMID: 32639789 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.251101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection of binary black hole coalescences by LIGO and Virgo has aroused the interest in primordial black holes (PBHs), because they could be both the progenitors of these black holes and a compelling candidate of dark matter (DM). PBHs are formed soon after the enhanced scalar perturbations reenter horizon during the radiation dominated era, which would inevitably induce gravitational waves as well. Searching for such scalar induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) provides an elegant way to probe PBHs. We perform the first direct search for the signals of SIGWs accompanying the formation of PBHs in the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational waves (NANOGrav) 11-year dataset. No statistically significant detection has been made, and hence we place a stringent upper limit on the abundance of PBHs at 95% confidence level. In particular, less than one part in a million of the total DM mass could come from PBHs in the mass range of [2×10^{-3},7×10^{-1}] M_{⊙}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Cheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Guo Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Liu J, Guo ZK, Cai RG. Analytical approximation of the scalar spectrum in the ultraslow-roll inflationary models. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.101.083535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Tomikawa K, Kobayashi T. Gauge dependence of gravitational waves generated at second order from scalar perturbations. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.101.083529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Cai RG, Pi S, Sasaki M. Gravitational Waves Induced by Non-Gaussian Scalar Perturbations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:201101. [PMID: 31172748 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.201101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study gravitational waves (GWs) induced by non-Gaussian curvature perturbations. We calculate the density parameter per logarithmic frequency interval, Ω_{GW}(k), given that the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation P_{R}(k) has a narrow peak at some small scale k_{*}, with a local-type non-Gaussianity, and constrain the nonlinear parameter f_{NL} with the future LISA sensitivity curve as well as with constraints from the abundance of the primordial black holes (PBHs). We find that the non-Gaussian contribution to Ω_{GW} increases as k^{3}, peaks at k/k_{*}=4/sqrt[3], and has a sharp cutoff at k=4k_{*}. The non-Gaussian part can exceed the Gaussian part if P_{R}(k)f_{NL}^{2}≳1. If both a slope Ω_{GW}(k)∝k^{β} with β∼3 and the multiple-peak structure around a cutoff are observed, it can be recognized as a smoking gun of the primordial non-Gaussianity. We also find that if PBHs with masses of 10^{20} to 10^{22} g are identified as cold dark matter of the Universe, the corresponding GWs must be detectable by LISA-like detectors, irrespective of the value of P_{R} or f_{NL}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Gen Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi Pi
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - Misao Sasaki
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617
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26
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Nakama T, Suyama T, Kohri K, Hiroshima N. Constraints on small-scale primordial power by annihilation signals from extragalactic dark matter minihalos. Int J Clin Exp Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.97.023539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Inomata K, Kawasaki M, Mukaida K, Tada Y, Yanagida TT. O(10)M⊙
primordial black holes and string axion dark matter. Int J Clin Exp Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.96.123527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nakama T, Suyama T, Yokoyama J. Reheating the universe once more: the dissipation of acoustic waves as a novel probe of primordial inhomogeneities on even smaller scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:061302. [PMID: 25148314 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We provide a simple but robust bound on the primordial curvature perturbation in the range 10(4) Mpc(-1)<k<10(5) Mpc(-1), which has not been constrained so far unlike low-wave-number modes. Perturbations on these scales dissipate the energy of their acoustic oscillations by the Silk damping after primordial nucleosynthesis but before the redshift z∼2×10(6) and reheat the photon bath without invoking cosmic microwave background distortions. This acoustic reheating results in the decrease of the baryon-photon ratio. By combining independent measurements probing the nucleosynthesis era and around the recombination epoch, we find an upper bound on the amplitude of the curvature perturbation over the above wave number range as P(ζ)<0.06. Implications for supermassive black holes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakama
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Teruaki Suyama
- Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Yokoyama
- Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, TODIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
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29
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Gair JR, Vallisneri M, Larson SL, Baker JG. Testing General Relativity with Low-Frequency, Space-Based Gravitational-Wave Detectors. LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY 2013; 16:7. [PMID: 28163624 PMCID: PMC5255528 DOI: 10.12942/lrr-2013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We review the tests of general relativity that will become possible with space-based gravitational-wave detectors operating in the ∼ 10-5 - 1 Hz low-frequency band. The fundamental aspects of gravitation that can be tested include the presence of additional gravitational fields other than the metric; the number and tensorial nature of gravitational-wave polarization states; the velocity of propagation of gravitational waves; the binding energy and gravitational-wave radiation of binaries, and therefore the time evolution of binary inspirals; the strength and shape of the waves emitted from binary mergers and ringdowns; the true nature of astrophysical black holes; and much more. The strength of this science alone calls for the swift implementation of a space-based detector; the remarkable richness of astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology in the low-frequency gravitational-wave band make the case even stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vallisneri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Shane L. Larson
- Center for Interdisclipinary Research and Exploration in Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - John G. Baker
- Gravitational Astrophysics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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31
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Ando M, Ishidoshiro K, Yamamoto K, Yagi K, Kokuyama W, Tsubono K, Takamori A. Torsion-bar antenna for low-frequency gravitational-wave observations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:161101. [PMID: 21230958 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.161101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel type of gravitational-wave antenna, formed by two bar-shaped test masses and laser-interferometric sensors to monitor their differential angular fluctuations. This antenna has a fundamental sensitivity to low-frequency signals below 1 Hz, even with a ground-based configuration. In addition, it is possible to expand the observation band to a lower limit determined by the observation time, by using modulation and up-conversion of gravitational-wave signals by rotation of the antenna. The potential sensitivity of this antenna is superior to those of current detectors in a 1 mHz-10 Hz frequency band and is sufficient for observations of gravitational waves radiated from in-spiral and merger events of intermediate-mass black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ando
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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32
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Anantua R, Easther R, Giblin JT. Grand unification scale primordial black holes: consequences and constraints. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:111303. [PMID: 19792364 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A population of very light primordial black holes which evaporate before nucleosynthesis begins is unconstrained unless the decaying black holes leave stable relics. We show that gravitons Hawking radiated from these black holes would source a substantial stochastic background of high frequency gravititational waves (10(12) Hz or more) in the present Universe. These black holes may lead to a transient period of matter-dominated expansion. In this case the primordial Universe could be temporarily dominated by large clusters of "Hawking stars" and the resulting gravitational wave spectrum is independent of the initial number density of primordial black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Anantua
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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