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Non-collinear magnetism & multiferroicity: the perovskite case. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The most important types of non-collinear magnetic orders that are realized in simple perovskite oxides are outlined in relation to multiferroicity. These orders are classified and rationalized in terms of a mimimal spin Hamiltonian, based on which the notion of spin-driven ferroelectricity is illustrated. These concepts find direct application in reference materials such as BiFeO3, GdFeO3 and TbMnO3 whose multiferroic properties are briefly reviewed.
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Stein J, Baum M, Holbein S, Finger T, Cronert T, Tölzer C, Fröhlich T, Biesenkamp S, Schmalzl K, Steffens P, Lee CH, Braden M. Control of Chiral Magnetism Through Electric Fields in Multiferroic Compounds above the Long-Range Multiferroic Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:177201. [PMID: 29219446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.177201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized neutron scattering experiments reveal that type-II multiferroics allow for controlling the spin chirality by external electric fields even in the absence of long-range multiferroic order. In the two prototype compounds TbMnO_{3} and MnWO_{4}, chiral magnetism associated with soft overdamped electromagnons can be observed above the long-range multiferroic transition temperature T_{MF}, and it is possible to control it through an electric field. While MnWO_{4} exhibits chiral correlations only in a tiny temperature interval above T_{MF}, in TbMnO_{3} chiral magnetism can be observed over several kelvin up to the lock-in transition, which is well separated from T_{MF}.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stein
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - M Baum
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - S Holbein
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Finger
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - T Cronert
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - C Tölzer
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - T Fröhlich
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - S Biesenkamp
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - K Schmalzl
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Outstation at Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Steffens
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C H Lee
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - M Braden
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Tuning the multiferroic mechanisms of TbMnO 3 by epitaxial strain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44753. [PMID: 28317838 PMCID: PMC5357786 DOI: 10.1038/srep44753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A current challenge in the field of magnetoelectric multiferroics is to identify systems that allow a controlled tuning of states displaying distinct magnetoelectric responses. Here we show that the multiferroic ground state of the archetypal multiferroic TbMnO3 is dramatically modified by epitaxial strain. Neutron diffraction reveals that in highly strained films the magnetic order changes from the bulk-like incommensurate bc-cycloidal structure to commensurate magnetic order. Concomitant with the modification of the magnetic ground state, optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) and electric measurements show an enormous increase of the ferroelectric polarization, and a change in its direction from along the c- to the a-axis. Our results suggest that the drastic change of multiferroic properties results from a switch of the spin-current magnetoelectric coupling in bulk TbMnO3 to symmetric magnetostriction in epitaxially-strained TbMnO3. These findings experimentally demonstrate that epitaxial strain can be used to control single-phase spin-driven multiferroic states.
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Review of the Magnetocaloric Effect in RMnO3 and RMn2O5 Multiferroic Crystals. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bousquet E, Cano A. Non-collinear magnetism in multiferroic perovskites. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:123001. [PMID: 26912212 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/12/123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of the current interest in non-collinear magnetism in multiferroic perovskite crystals. We first describe the different microscopic mechanisms giving rise to the non-collinearity of spins in this class of materials. We discuss, in particular, the interplay between non-collinear magnetism and ferroelectric and antiferrodistortive distortions of the perovskite structure, and how this can promote magnetoelectric responses. We then provide a literature survey on non-collinear multiferroic perovskites. We discuss numerous examples of spin cantings driving weak ferromagnetism in transition metal perovskites, and of spin-induced ferroelectricity as observed in the rare-earth based perovskites. These examples are chosen to best illustrate the fundamental role of non-collinear magnetism in the design of multiferroicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bousquet
- Physique Théorique des Matériaux, Université de Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
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Windsor YW, Huang SW, Hu Y, Rettig L, Alberca A, Shimamoto K, Scagnoli V, Lippert T, Schneider CW, Staub U. Multiferroic properties of o-LuMnO3 controlled by b-axis strain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:167202. [PMID: 25361276 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.167202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Strain is a leading candidate for controlling magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroics. Here, we use x-ray diffraction to study the coupling between magnetic order and structural distortion in epitaxial films of the orthorhombic (o-) perovskite LuMnO(3). An antiferromagnetic spin canting in the E-type magnetic structure is shown to be related to the ferroelectrically induced structural distortion and to a change in the magnetic propagation vector. By comparing films of different orientations and thicknesses, these quantities are found to be controlled by b-axis strain. It is shown that compressive strain destabilizes the commensurate E-type structure and reduces its accompanying ferroelectric distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Windsor
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S W Huang
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Y Hu
- General Energy Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L Rettig
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Alberca
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - K Shimamoto
- General Energy Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - V Scagnoli
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - T Lippert
- General Energy Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - C W Schneider
- General Energy Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - U Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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O'Flynn D, Lees MR, Balakrishnan G. Magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity measurements of single crystal TbMnO3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:256002. [PMID: 24861734 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/25/256002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility χ and heat capacity C on single crystals of the multiferroic TbMnO3 are presented. A non-magnetic isostructural compound, LaGaO3, was used to isolate the magnetic component of the heat capacity. An anisotropic magnetic susceptibility, deviations from Curie-Weiss behaviour and a significant magnetic entropy above the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature TN1 = 41 K are attributed to a combination of crystal-field effects and short-range order between the Mn moments. Heat capacity in a magnetic field applied along the a axis confirms the saturation of Tb(3+) moments in 90 kOe. A hyperfine contribution from the Tb and Mn nuclear moments that may be convolved with a contribution from low-lying Tb crystal-field levels leads to a low-temperature rise in C(T)/T.
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Kubacka T, Johnson JA, Hoffmann MC, Vicario C, de Jong S, Beaud P, Grubel S, Huang SW, Huber L, Patthey L, Chuang YD, Turner JJ, Dakovski GL, Lee WS, Minitti MP, Schlotter W, Moore RG, Hauri CP, Koohpayeh SM, Scagnoli V, Ingold G, Johnson SL, Staub U. Large-Amplitude Spin Dynamics Driven by a THz Pulse in Resonance with an Electromagnon. Science 2014; 343:1333-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1242862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lovesey SW, Scagnoli V, Garganourakis M, Koohpayeh SM, Detlefs C, Staub U. Melting of chiral order in terbium manganate (TbMnO3) observed with resonant x-ray Bragg diffraction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:362202. [PMID: 23941726 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/36/362202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant Bragg diffraction of soft, circularly polarized x-rays has been used to observe directly the temperature dependence of chiral-order melting in a motif of Mn ions in terbium manganate. The underlying mechanism uses the b-axis component of a cycloid, which vanishes outside the polar phase. Melting is witnessed by the first and second harmonics of a cycloid, and we explain why the observed temperature dependence differs in the two harmonics. Conclusions follow from an exact treatment of diffraction by using atomic multipoles in a circular cycloid, since a standard treatment of the diffraction, based on a single material-vector identified with the magnetic dipole, does not reproduce correctly observations at the second harmonic.
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Fink J, Schierle E, Weschke E, Geck J. Resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:056502. [PMID: 23563216 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/5/056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant (elastic) soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) offers a unique element, site and valence specific probe to study spatial modulations of charge, spin and orbital degrees of freedom in solids on the nanoscopic length scale. It is not only used to investigate single-crystalline materials. This method also enables one to examine electronic ordering phenomena in thin films and to zoom into electronic properties emerging at buried interfaces in artificial heterostructures. During the last 20 years, this technique, which combines x-ray scattering with x-ray absorption spectroscopy, has developed into a powerful probe to study electronic ordering phenomena in complex materials and furthermore delivers important information on the electronic structure of condensed matter. This review provides an introduction to the technique, covers the progress in experimental equipment, and gives a survey on recent RSXS studies of ordering in correlated electron systems and at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fink
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, PO Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Wadati H, Okamoto J, Garganourakis M, Scagnoli V, Staub U, Yamasaki Y, Nakao H, Murakami Y, Mochizuki M, Nakamura M, Kawasaki M, Tokura Y. Origin of the large polarization in multiferroic YMnO3 thin films revealed by soft- and hard-X-ray diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:047203. [PMID: 22400885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.047203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the magnetic structure of an orthorhombic YMnO(3) thin film by resonant soft x-ray and hard x-ray diffraction. We observed a temperature-dependent incommensurate magnetic reflection below 45 K and a commensurate lattice-distortion reflection below 35 K. These results demonstrate that the ground state is composed of coexisting E-type and cycloidal states. Their different ordering temperatures clarify the origin of the large polarization to be caused by the E-type antiferromagnetic states in the orthorhombic YMnO(3) thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wadati
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum-Phase Electronics Center, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Walker HC, Fabrizi F, Paolasini L, de Bergevin F, Herrero-Martin J, Boothroyd AT, Prabhakaran D, McMorrow DF. Femtoscale Magnetically Induced Lattice Distortions in Multiferroic TbMnO3. Science 2011; 333:1273-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1208085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Magneto-electric multiferroics exemplified by TbMnO3 possess both magnetic and ferroelectric long-range order. The magnetic order is mostly understood, whereas the nature of the ferroelectricity has remained more elusive. Competing models proposed to explain the ferroelectricity are associated respectively with charge transfer and ionic displacements. Exploiting the magneto-electric coupling, we used an electric field to produce a single magnetic domain state, and a magnetic field to induce ionic displacements. Under these conditions, interference between charge and magnetic x-ray scattering arose, encoding the amplitude and phase of the displacements. When combined with a theoretical analysis, our data allow us to resolve the ionic displacements at the femtoscale, and show that such displacements make a substantial contribution to the zero-field ferroelectric moment.
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Jang H, Lee JS, Ko KT, Noh WS, Koo TY, Kim JY, Lee KB, Park JH, Zhang CL, Kim SB, Cheong SW. Coupled magnetic cycloids in multiferroic TbMnO3 and Eu3/4Y1/4MnO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:047203. [PMID: 21405356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.047203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Based on the detailed Mn L(2,3)-edge x-ray resonant scattering results, we report a new complexity in the magnetic order of multiferroic orthomangnites, which has been considered as the simple A-type cycloid order inducing ferroelectricity. The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction involved in the orthorhombic distortion brings on F-type canting from the A type, and the ordering type becomes the off-phase synchronized bc cycloid in TbMnO(3) or the tilted antiphase ab cycloid in Eu(3/4)Y(1/4)MnO(3). The F-type canting is responsible for the magnetic field-driven multiferroicity to weak ferromagnetism transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Jang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Schierle E, Soltwisch V, Schmitz D, Feyerherm R, Maljuk A, Yokaichiya F, Argyriou DN, Weschke E. Cycloidal order of 4f moments as a probe of chiral domains in DyMnO₃. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:167207. [PMID: 21231008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.167207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using soft x-ray diffraction at the Dy-M₅ resonance, pronounced circular dichroism in the ferroelectric phase of DyMnO₃ is observed in connection with sizable b and c components of the Dy-4f magnetic moments. This provides strong evidence for cycloidal order of the 4f moments, corroborating that inversion-symmetry breaking in this material is not accomplished by the Mn spins alone. The 4f circular dichroism allows us to image multiferroic domains that are imprinted on the surface of DyMnO₃ using the local charging by the x-ray beam via the photoelectric effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schierle
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Campus BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Beale TAW, Wilkins SB, Johnson RD, Bland SR, Joly Y, Forrest TR, McMorrow DF, Yakhou F, Prabhakaran D, Boothroyd AT, Hatton PD. Antiferromagnetically spin polarized oxygen observed in magnetoelectric TbMn2O5. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:087203. [PMID: 20868129 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.087203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct measurement of antiferromagnetic spin polarization at the oxygen sites in the multiferroic TbMn2O5, through resonant soft x-ray magnetic scattering. This supports recent theoretical models suggesting that the oxygen spin polarization is key to the magnetoelectric coupling mechanism. The spin polarization is observed through a resonantly enhanced diffraction signal at the oxygen K edge at the commensurate antiferromagnetic wave vector. Using the fdmnes code we have accurately reproduced the experimental data. We have established that the resonance arises through the spin polarization on the oxygen sites hybridized with the square based pyramid Mn3+ ions. Furthermore we have discovered that the position of the Mn3+ ion directly influences the oxygen spin polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A W Beale
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Rochester Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Beale TAW, Hase TPA, Iida T, Endo K, Steadman P, Marshall AR, Dhesi SS, van der Laan G, Hatton PD. RASOR: an advanced instrument for soft x-ray reflectivity and diffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:073904. [PMID: 20687739 DOI: 10.1063/1.3458004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and construction of a novel soft x-ray diffractometer installed at Diamond Light Source. The beamline endstation RASOR is constructed for general users and designed primarily for the study of single crystal diffraction and thin film reflectivity. The instrument is comprised of a limited three circle (theta, 2theta, and chi) diffractometer with an additional removable rotation (phi) stage. It is equipped with a liquid helium cryostat, and post-scatter polarization analysis. Motorized motions are provided for the precise positioning of the sample onto the diffractometer center of rotation, and for positioning the center of rotation onto the x-ray beam. The functions of the instrument have been tested at Diamond Light Source, and initial test measurements are provided, demonstrating the potential of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A W Beale
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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