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Sazhin A, Gladilin VN, Erglis A, Hellmann G, Vewinger F, Weitz M, Wouters M, Schmitt J. Observation of nonlinear response and Onsager regression in a photon Bose-Einstein condensate. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4730. [PMID: 38830905 PMCID: PMC11148057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The quantum regression theorem states that the correlations of a system at two different times are governed by the same equations of motion as the single-time averages. This provides a powerful framework for the investigation of the intrinsic microscopic behaviour of physical systems by studying their macroscopic response to a controlled external perturbation. Here we experimentally demonstrate that the two-time particle number correlations in a photon Bose-Einstein condensate inside a dye-filled microcavity exhibit the same dynamics as the response of the condensate to a sudden perturbation of the dye molecule bath. This confirms the regression theorem for a quantum gas, and, moreover, demonstrates it in an unconventional form where the perturbation acts on the bath and only the condensate response is monitored. For strong perturbations, we observe nonlinear relaxation dynamics which our microscopic theory relates to the equilibrium fluctuations, thereby extending the regression theorem beyond the regime of linear response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andris Erglis
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Göran Hellmann
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Vewinger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Weitz
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Julian Schmitt
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Leng SY, Lü DY, Yang SL, Ma M, Dong YZ, Zhou BF, Zhou Y. Simulating the Dicke lattice model and quantum phase transitions using an array of coupled resonators. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:415402. [PMID: 35896108 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac84bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A proposal for simulating the Dicke-Lattice model in a mechanics-controlled hybrid quantum system is studied here. An array of coupled mechanical resonators (MRs) can homogeneously interact with a group of trapped Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) via the gradient magnetic field induced by the oscillating resonators. Assisted by the classical dichromatic radio-wave fields, each subsystem with the BEC-MR interaction can mimic the Dicke type spin-phonon interaction, and the whole system is therefore extended to a lattice of Dicke models with the additional adjacent phonon-phonon hopping couplings. In view of this lattice model with theZ2symmetry, its quantum phase transitions behavior can be controlled by this periodic phonon-phonon interactions in the momentum space. This investigation may be considered as a fresh attempt on manipulating the critical behaviors of the collective spins through the external mechanical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yun Leng
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yan Lü
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Liang Yang
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ma
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Zhang Dong
- School of Automobile Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Fang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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3
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Shen Z, Zhang YL, Zou CL, Guo GC, Dong CH. Dissipatively Controlled Optomechanical Interaction via Cascaded Photon-Phonon Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:163604. [PMID: 33961448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.163604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In an optomechanical system, we experimentally engineer the optical density of state to reduce or broaden the effective linewidth of the optical mode by introducing an ancillary mechanical mode, which has a large decay rate, i.e., stimulated backward Brillouin scattering. Based on this dissipation engineering, we could engineer the optical mode linewidth by one order of magnitude. In addition, we can either enhance or suppress the optomechanical cooling and amplification of the target mechanical oscillations. Our scheme demonstrates the cascaded photon-phonon coupling to control the mechanical interactions, and also presents a novel approach for engineering coherent light-matter interaction in hybrid systems, which consist of different types of nonlinear interactions and multiple modes, and promote the performance of quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhong H, Fläschner G, Schwarz A, Wiesendanger R, Christoph P, Wagner T, Bick A, Staarmann C, Abeln B, Sengstock K, Becker C. A millikelvin all-fiber cavity optomechanical apparatus for merging with ultra-cold atoms in a hybrid quantum system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:023115. [PMID: 28249514 DOI: 10.1063/1.4976497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the construction of an apparatus designed to realize a hybrid quantum system comprised of a cryogenically cooled mechanical oscillator and ultra-cold 87Rb atoms coupled via light. The outstanding feature of our instrument is an in situ adjustable asymmetric all-fiber membrane-in-the-middle cavity located inside an ultra-high vacuum dilution refrigerator based cryostat. We show that Bose-Einstein condensates of N=2×106 atoms can be produced in less than 20 s and demonstrate a single photon optomechanical coupling strength of g0=2π×9 kHz employing a high-stress Si3N4 membrane with a mechanical quality factor Qm>107 at a cavity setup temperature of TMiM = 480 mK.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhong
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9-11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Fläschner
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9-11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Schwarz
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9-11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Wiesendanger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9-11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Christoph
- ZOQ-Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Wagner
- ZOQ-Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Bick
- ZOQ-Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Staarmann
- ZOQ-Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Abeln
- ZOQ-Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Sengstock
- ZOQ-Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Becker
- ZOQ-Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Keil M, Amit O, Zhou S, Groswasser D, Japha Y, Folman R. Fifteen years of cold matter on the atom chip: promise, realizations, and prospects. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:1840-1885. [PMID: 27499585 PMCID: PMC4960518 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1178820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the field of atom chips in the context of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) as well as cold matter in general. Twenty years after the first realization of the BEC and 15 years after the realization of the atom chip, the latter has been found to enable extraordinary feats: from producing BECs at a rate of several per second, through the realization of matter-wave interferometry, and all the way to novel probing of surfaces and new forces. In addition, technological applications are also being intensively pursued. This review will describe these developments and more, including new ideas which have not yet been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Keil
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Omer Amit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - David Groswasser
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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6
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Observation of a phononic Mollow triplet in a multimode hybrid spin-nanomechanical system. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8603. [PMID: 26477639 PMCID: PMC4634217 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reminiscent of the bound character of a qubit's dynamics confined on the Bloch sphere, the observation of a Mollow triplet in the resonantly driven qubit fluorescence spectrum represents one of the founding signatures of quantum electrodynamics. Here we report on its observation in a hybrid spin-nanomechanical system, where a nitrogen-vacancy spin qubit is magnetically coupled to the vibrations of a silicon carbide nanowire. A resonant microwave field turns the originally parametric hybrid interaction into a resonant process, where acoustic phonons are now able to induce transitions between the dressed qubit states, leading to synchronized spin-oscillator dynamics. We further explore the vectorial character of the hybrid coupling to the bidimensional deformations of the nanowire. The demonstrated microwave assisted synchronization of the spin-oscillator dynamics opens novel perspectives for the exploration of spin-dependent forces, the key ingredient for quantum state transfer. The Mollow triplet, originally observed in the fluorescence spectrum of an optically excited two level system, is a signature of quantum electrodynamics. Here, the authors observe its phononic equivalent by magnetically coupling a single nitrogen-vacancy qubit to the vibrations of a silicon carbide nanowire.
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7
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Terças H, Ribeiro S, Mendonça JT. Quasi-polaritons in Bose-Einstein condensates induced by Casimir-Polder interaction with graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:214011. [PMID: 25966318 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/21/214011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider the mechanical coupling between a two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate and a graphene sheet via the vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field which are at the origin of the so-called Casimir-Polder potential. By deriving a self-consistent set of equations governing the dynamics of the condensate and the flexural (out-of-plane) modes of the graphene, we can show the formation of a new type of purely acoustic quasi-particle excitation, a quasi-polariton resulting from the coherent superposition of quanta of flexural and Bogoliubov modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Terças
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France. Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Abstract
An extensively pursued current direction of research in physics aims at the development of practical technologies that exploit the effects of quantum mechanics. As part of this ongoing effort, devices for quantum information processing, secure communication, and high-precision sensing are being implemented with diverse systems, ranging from photons, atoms, and spins to mesoscopic superconducting and nanomechanical structures. Their physical properties make some of these systems better suited than others for specific tasks; thus, photons are well suited for transmitting quantum information, weakly interacting spins can serve as long-lived quantum memories, and superconducting elements can rapidly process information encoded in their quantum states. A central goal of the envisaged quantum technologies is to develop devices that can simultaneously perform several of these tasks, namely, reliably store, process, and transmit quantum information. Hybrid quantum systems composed of different physical components with complementary functionalities may provide precisely such multitasking capabilities. This article reviews some of the driving theoretical ideas and first experimental realizations of hybrid quantum systems and the opportunities and challenges they present and offers a glance at the near- and long-term perspectives of this fascinating and rapidly expanding field.
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9
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Jöckel A, Faber A, Kampschulte T, Korppi M, Rakher MT, Treutlein P. Sympathetic cooling of a membrane oscillator in a hybrid mechanical-atomic system. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:55-59. [PMID: 25420032 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic cooling with ultracold atoms and atomic ions enables ultralow temperatures in systems where direct laser or evaporative cooling is not possible. It has so far been limited to the cooling of other microscopic particles, with masses up to 90 times larger than that of the coolant atom. Here, we use ultracold atoms to sympathetically cool the vibrations of a Si3N4 nanomembrane, the mass of which exceeds that of the atomic ensemble by a factor of 10(10). The coupling of atomic and membrane vibrations is mediated by laser light over a macroscopic distance and is enhanced by placing the membrane in an optical cavity. We observe cooling of the membrane vibrations from room temperature to 650 ± 230 mK, exploiting the large atom-membrane cooperativity of our hybrid optomechanical system. With technical improvements, our scheme could provide ground-state cooling and quantum control of low-frequency oscillators such as nanomembranes or levitated nanoparticles, in a regime where purely optomechanical techniques cannot reach the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jöckel
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aline Faber
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Korppi
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Rakher
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Darázs Z, Kurucz Z, Kálmán O, Kiss T, Fortágh J, Domokos P. Parametric amplification of the mechanical vibrations of a suspended nanowire by magnetic coupling to a Bose-Einstein condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:133603. [PMID: 24745416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show how the vibrational modes of a nanowire may be coherently manipulated with a Bose-Einstein condensate of ultracold atoms. We consider the magnetomechanical coupling between paramagnetic atoms and a suspended nanowire carrying a dc current. Atomic spin flips produce a backaction onto the wire vibrations, which can lead to mechanical mode amplification. In contrast to systems considered before, the condensate has a finite energy bandwidth in the range of the chemical potential and we explore the consequences of this on the parametric drive. Applying the resolvent method, we determine the threshold coupling and we also find a significant frequency shift of the vibration due to magnetomechanical dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Darázs
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary and Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Kurucz
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
| | - O Kálmán
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
| | - T Kiss
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
| | - J Fortágh
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Domokos
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
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11
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Yeo I, de Assis PL, Gloppe A, Dupont-Ferrier E, Verlot P, Malik NS, Dupuy E, Claudon J, Gérard JM, Auffèves A, Nogues G, Seidelin S, Poizat JP, Arcizet O, Richard M. Strain-mediated coupling in a quantum dot-mechanical oscillator hybrid system. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:106-10. [PMID: 24362234 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in nanotechnology has allowed the fabrication of new hybrid systems in which a single two-level system is coupled to a mechanical nanoresonator. In such systems the quantum nature of a macroscopic degree of freedom can be revealed and manipulated. This opens up appealing perspectives for quantum information technologies, and for the exploration of the quantum-classical boundary. Here we present the experimental realization of a monolithic solid-state hybrid system governed by material strain: a quantum dot is embedded within a nanowire that features discrete mechanical resonances corresponding to flexural vibration modes. Mechanical vibrations result in a time-varying strain field that modulates the quantum dot transition energy. This approach simultaneously offers a large light-extraction efficiency and a large exciton-phonon coupling strength g0. By means of optical and mechanical spectroscopy, we find that g0/2 π is nearly as large as the mechanical frequency, a criterion that defines the ultrastrong coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yeo
- 1] Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, Institut Néel, CNRS - Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France [2] Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, CEA/INAC/SP2M and Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - P-L de Assis
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, Institut Néel, CNRS - Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A Gloppe
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - E Dupont-Ferrier
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P Verlot
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - N S Malik
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, CEA/INAC/SP2M and Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - E Dupuy
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, CEA/INAC/SP2M and Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - J Claudon
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, CEA/INAC/SP2M and Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - J-M Gérard
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, CEA/INAC/SP2M and Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - A Auffèves
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, Institut Néel, CNRS - Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G Nogues
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, Institut Néel, CNRS - Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Seidelin
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J-Ph Poizat
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, Institut Néel, CNRS - Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - O Arcizet
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - M Richard
- Nanophysics et Semiconductors Joint Team, Institut Néel, CNRS - Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France
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12
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Ockeloen CF, Schmied R, Riedel MF, Treutlein P. Quantum metrology with a scanning probe atom interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:143001. [PMID: 24138235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We use a small Bose-Einstein condensate on an atom chip as an interferometric scanning probe to map out a microwave field near the chip surface with a few micrometers resolution. With the use of entanglement between the atoms, our interferometer overcomes the standard quantum limit of interferometry by 4 dB and maintains enhanced performance for interrogation times up to 10 ms. This corresponds to a microwave magnetic field sensitivity of 77 pT/√Hz in a probe volume of 20 μm(3). Quantum metrology with entangled atoms is useful in measurements with high spatial resolution, since the atom number in the probe volume is limited by collisional loss. High-resolution measurements of microwave near fields, as demonstrated here, are important for the development of integrated microwave circuits for quantum information processing and applications in communication technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar F Ockeloen
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Korppi M, Jöckel A, Rakher MT, Camerer S, Hunger D, Hänsch TW, Treutlein P. Hybrid atom-membrane optomechanics. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135703006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Thompson JD, Tiecke TG, de Leon NP, Feist J, Akimov AV, Gullans M, Zibrov AS, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. Coupling a Single Trapped Atom to a Nanoscale Optical Cavity. Science 2013; 340:1202-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1237125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid quantum devices, in which dissimilar quantum systems are combined in order to attain qualities not available with either system alone, may enable far-reaching control in quantum measurement, sensing, and information processing. A paradigmatic example is trapped ultracold atoms, which offer excellent quantum coherent properties, coupled to nanoscale solid-state systems, which allow for strong interactions. We demonstrate a deterministic interface between a single trapped rubidium atom and a nanoscale photonic crystal cavity. Precise control over the atom's position allows us to probe the cavity near-field with a resolution below the diffraction limit and to observe large atom-photon coupling. This approach may enable the realization of integrated, strongly coupled quantum nano-optical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Thompson
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - T. G. Tiecke
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - N. P. de Leon
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J. Feist
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Institute for Theoretical Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics (ITAMP), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A. V. Akimov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
| | - M. Gullans
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A. S. Zibrov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - V. Vuletić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. D. Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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15
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Thompson JD, Tiecke TG, Zibrov AS, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. Coherence and Raman sideband cooling of a single atom in an optical tweezer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:133001. [PMID: 23581312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate quantum control of a single atom in a tightly focused optical tweezer trap. We show that inevitable spatially varying polarization gives rise to significant internal-state decoherence but that this effect can be mitigated by an appropriately chosen magnetic bias field. This enables Raman sideband cooling of a single atom close to its three-dimensional ground state (vibrational quantum numbers n(x)=n(y)=0.01, n(z)=8) even for a trap beam waist as small as w=900 nm. The small atomic wave packet with δx=δy=24 nm and δz=270 nm represents a promising starting point for future hybrid quantum systems where atoms are placed in close proximity to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thompson
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Tiecke T, Thompson J, Feist J, Akimov A, Zibrov A, Vuletić V, Lukin M. Towards hybrid quantum systems: Trapping a single atom near a nanoscale solid-state structure. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135703002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schneeweiss P, Gierling M, Visanescu G, Kern DP, Judd TE, Günther A, Fortágh J. Dispersion forces between ultracold atoms and a carbon nanotube. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 7:515-519. [PMID: 22706699 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion forces are long-range interactions between polarizable objects that arise from fluctuations in the electromagnetic field between them. Dispersion forces have been observed between microscopic objects such as atoms and molecules (the van der Waals interaction), between macroscopic objects (the Casimir interaction) and between an atom and a macroscopic object (the Casimir-Polder interaction). Dispersion forces are known to increase the attractive forces between the components in nanomechanical devices, to influence adsorption rates onto nanostructures, and to influence the interactions between biomolecules in biological systems. In recent years, there has been growing interest in studying dispersion forces in nanoscale systems and in exploring the interactions between carbon nanotubes and cold atoms. However, there are considerable difficulties in developing dispersion force theories for general, finite geometries such as nanostructures. Thus, there is a need for new experimental methods that are able to go beyond measurements of planar surfaces and nanoscale gratings and make measurements on isolated nanostructures. Here, we measure the dispersion force between a rubidium atom and a multiwalled carbon nanotube by inserting the nanotube into a cloud of ultracold rubidium atoms and monitoring the loss of atoms from the cloud as a function of time. We perform these experiments with both thermal clouds of ultracold atoms and with Bose-Einstein condensates. The results obtained with this approach will aid the development of theories describing quantum fields near nanostructures, and hybrid cold-atom/solid-state devices may also prove useful for applications in quantum sensing and quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schneeweiss
- CQ Center for Collective Quantum Phenomena and their Applications, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Kolkowitz S, Bleszynski Jayich AC, Unterreithmeier QP, Bennett SD, Rabl P, Harris JGE, Lukin MD. Coherent Sensing of a Mechanical Resonator with a Single-Spin Qubit. Science 2012; 335:1603-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1216821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Kolkowitz
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter Rabl
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Science, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. G. E. Harris
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mikhail D. Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Camerer S, Korppi M, Jöckel A, Hunger D, Hänsch TW, Treutlein P. Realization of an optomechanical interface between ultracold atoms and a membrane. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:223001. [PMID: 22182025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have realized a hybrid optomechanical system by coupling ultracold atoms to a micromechanical membrane. The atoms are trapped in an optical lattice, which is formed by retroreflection of a laser beam from the membrane surface. In this setup, the lattice laser light mediates an optomechanical coupling between membrane vibrations and atomic center-of-mass motion. We observe both the effect of the membrane vibrations onto the atoms as well as the backaction of the atomic motion onto the membrane. By coupling the membrane to laser-cooled atoms, we engineer the dissipation rate of the membrane. Our observations agree quantitatively with a simple model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Camerer
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
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Jing H, Goldbaum DS, Buchmann L, Meystre P. Quantum optomechanics of a Bose-Einstein antiferromagnet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:223601. [PMID: 21702598 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the cavity optomechanical properties of an antiferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate, where the role of the mechanical element is played by spin-wave excitations. We show how this system can be described by a single rotor that can be prepared deep in the quantum regime under realizable experimental conditions. This system provides a bottom-up realization of dispersive rotational optomechanics, and opens the door to the direct observation of quantum spin fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jing
- B2 Institute, Department of Physics and College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Gierling M, Schneeweiss P, Visanescu G, Federsel P, Häffner M, Kern DP, Judd TE, Günther A, Fortágh J. Cold-atom scanning probe microscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:446-451. [PMID: 21623359 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopes are widely used to study surfaces with atomic resolution in many areas of nanoscience. Ultracold atomic gases trapped in electromagnetic potentials can be used to study electromagnetic interactions between the atoms and nearby surfaces in chip-based systems. Here we demonstrate a new type of scanning probe microscope that combines these two areas of research by using an ultracold gas as the tip in a scanning probe microscope. This cold-atom scanning probe microscope offers a large scanning volume, an ultrasoft tip of well-defined shape and high purity, and sensitivity to electromagnetic forces (including dispersion forces near nanostructured surfaces). We use the cold-atom scanning probe microscope to non-destructively measure the position and height of carbon nanotube structures and individual free-standing nanotubes. Cooling the atoms in the gas to form a Bose-Einstein condensate increases the resolution of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gierling
- CQ Center for Collective Quantum Phenomena and their Applications, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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