Quantum and thermal effects of dark solitons in a one-dimensional Bose gas

A copper-metal organic framework enhances the photothermal and chemodynamic properties of polydopamine for melanoma therapy

The combination of photothermal treatment and chemodynamic therapy has attracted extensive attention for improving therapeutic effects and compensating the insufficiency of monotherapy. In this work, a copper-metal organic framework (Cu-BTC) was used to augment the photothermal effect of polydopamine (PDA) and endow it with a chemodynamic ability by constructing a Cu-BTC@PDA nanocomposite. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the plasmonic vibrations formed by the d-d transition of Cu at the Fermi level in Cu-BTC@PDA could enhance the photothermal performance of PDA. In addition, more Cu²⁺ released from Cu-BTC@PDA in the acidic microenvironment of the tumor was then reduced to Cu⁺ by glutathione (GSH) and further catalyzed H₂O₂ to generate more toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH), which synergized with photothermal treatment for melanoma therapy. Furthermore, Cu-BTC@PDA could quickly and effectively kill bacteria under the action of PTT, and the sustained release of Cu ions could contribute to the long-term and stable bacteriostatic ability of the material. This sustained release of Cu ions could also promote the cell migration and angiogenesis, and upregulate the expression of COL-, TGF-, and VEGF-related genes to accelerate wound healing. This multifunctional nanomaterial has potential application in the treatment of melanoma and repair of wounds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We constructed a multifunctional nanoplatform (Cu-BTC@PDA) by two steps. This nanoplatform can not only perform cascade catalysis in the tumor microenvironment to generate more toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH), but also synergize with photothermal treatment for melanoma therapy. Additionally, Cu-BTC@PDA possesses enhanced photothermal performance through the plasmonic vibrations formed by the d-d transition of Cu at the Fermi level in Cu-BTC@PDA, which is revealed by DFT calculations. And Cu-BTC@PDA shows good antitumor, antibacterial, and wound healing properties in vivo and in vitro. Such a multifunctional nanomaterial has potential application in the treatment of melanoma and repair of wounds.

On the survival of the quantum depletion of a condensate after release from a magnetic trap

We present observations of the high momentum tail in expanding Bose-Einstein condensates of metastable Helium atoms released from a harmonic trap. The far-field density profile exhibits features that support identification of the tails of the momentum distribution as originating in the in-situ quantum depletion prior to release. Thus, we corroborate recent observations of slowly-decaying tails in the far-field beyond the thermal component. This observation is in conflict with the hydrodynamic theory, which predicts that the in-situ depletion does not survive when atoms are released from a trap. Indeed, the depleted tails even appear stronger in the far-field than expected before release, and we discuss the challenges of interpreting this in terms of the Tan contact in the trapped gas. In complement to these observations, full quantum simulations of the experiment show that, under the right conditions, the depletion can persist into the far field after expansion. Moreover, the simulations provide mechanisms for survival and for the the large-momentum tails to appear stronger after expansion due to an acceleration of the depleted atoms by the mean-field potential. However, while in qualitative agreement, the final depletion observed in the experiment is much larger than in the simulation.

Pattern Formation in One-Dimensional Polaron Systems and Temporal Orthogonality Catastrophe

Recent studies have demonstrated that higher than two-body bath-impurity correlations are not important for quantitatively describing the ground state of the Bose polaron. Motivated by the above, we employ the so-called Gross Ansatz (GA) approach to unravel the stationary and dynamical properties of the homogeneous one-dimensional Bose-polaron for different impurity momenta and bath-impurity couplings. We explicate that the character of the equilibrium state crossovers from the quasi-particle Bose polaron regime to the collective-excitation stationary dark-bright soliton for varying impurity momentum and interactions. Following an interspecies interaction quench the temporal orthogonality catastrophe is identified, provided that bath-impurity interactions are sufficiently stronger than the intraspecies bath ones, thus generalizing the results of the confined case. This catastrophe originates from the formation of dispersive shock wave structures associated with the zero-range character of the bath-impurity potential. For initially moving impurities, a momentum transfer process from the impurity to the dispersive shock waves via the exerted drag force is demonstrated, resulting in a final polaronic state with reduced velocity. Our results clearly demonstrate the crucial role of non-linear excitations for determining the behavior of the one-dimensional Bose polaron.

Quantum corrections of the truncated Wigner approximation applied to an exciton transport model

We modify the path integral representation of exciton transport in open quantum systems such that an exact description of the quantum fluctuations around the classical evolution of the system is possible. As a consequence, the time evolution of the system observables is obtained by calculating the average of a stochastic difference equation which is weighted with a product of pseudoprobability density functions. From the exact equation of motion one can clearly identify the terms that are also present if we apply the truncated Wigner approximation. This description of the problem is used as a basis for the derivation of a new approximation, whose validity goes beyond the truncated Wigner approximation. To demonstrate this we apply the formalism to a donor-acceptor transport model.

Many-body matter-wave dark soliton

The Gross-Pitaevskii equation--which describes interacting bosons in the mean-field approximation--possesses solitonic solutions in dimension one. For repulsively interacting particles, the stationary soliton is dark, i.e., is represented by a local density minimum. Many-body effects may lead to filling of the dark soliton. Using quasiexact many-body simulations, we show that, in single realizations, the soliton appears totally dark although the single particle density tends to be uniform.

Direct observation of quantum phonon fluctuations in a one-dimensional Bose gas

We report the first direct observation of collective quantum fluctuations in a continuous field. Shot-to-shot atom number fluctuations in small subvolumes of a weakly interacting, ultracold atomic 1D cloud are studied using in situ absorption imaging and statistical analysis of the density profiles. In the cloud centers, well in the quantum quasicondensate regime, the ratio of chemical potential to thermal energy is μ/k(B)T≃4, and, owing to high resolution, up to 20% of the microscopically observed fluctuations are quantum phonons. Within a nonlocal analysis at variable observation length, we observe a clear deviation from a classical field prediction, which reveals the emergence of dominant quantum fluctuations at short length scales, as the thermodynamic limit breaks down.