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Wang JQ, Song LJ, Huo JT, Gao M, Zhang Y. Designing Advanced Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Alloys by Controlling the Energy State. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311406. [PMID: 38811026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous alloys, also known as metallic glasses, exhibit many advanced mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Owing to the nonequilibrium nature, their energy states can vary over a wide range. However, the energy relaxation kinetics are very complex and composed of various types that are coupled with each other. This makes it challenging to control the energy state precisely and to study the energy-properties relationship. This brief review introduces the recent progresses on studying the enthalpy relaxation kinetics during isothermal annealing, for example, the observation of two-step relaxation phenomenon, the detection of relaxation unit (relaxun), the key role of large activation entropy in triggering memory effect, the influence of glass energy state on nanocrystallization. Based on the above knowledge, a new strategy is proposed to design a series of amorphous alloys and their composites consisting of nanocrystals and glass matrix with superior functional properties by precisely controlling the nonequilibrium energy states. As the typical examples, Fe-based amorphous alloys with both advanced soft magnetism and good plasticity, Gd-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composites with large magnetocaloric effect, and Fe-based amorphous alloys with high catalytic performance are specifically described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Jian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Tao Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Pica Ciamarra M, Ji W, Wyart M. Local vs. cooperative: Unraveling glass transition mechanisms with SEER. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400611121. [PMID: 38787876 PMCID: PMC11145278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400611121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Which phenomenon slows down the dynamics in supercooled liquids and turns them into glasses is a long-standing question of condensed matter. Most popular theories posit that as the temperature decreases, many events must occur in a coordinated fashion on a growing length scale for relaxation to occur. Instead, other approaches consider that local barriers associated with the elementary rearrangement of a few particles or "excitations" govern the dynamics. To resolve this conundrum, our central result is to introduce an algorithm, Systematic Excitation ExtRaction, which can systematically extract hundreds of excitations and their energy from any given configuration. We also provide a measurement of the activation energy, characterizing the liquid dynamics, based on fast quenching and reheating. We use these two methods in a popular liquid model of polydisperse particles. Such polydisperse models are known to capture the hallmarks of the glass transition and can be equilibrated efficiently up to millisecond time scales. The analysis reveals that cooperative effects do not control the fragility of such liquids: the change of energy of local barriers determines the change of activation energy. More generally, these methods can now be used to measure the degree of cooperativity of any liquid model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pica Ciamarra
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce, CNR-SPIN, NapoliI-80126, Italy
| | - Wencheng Ji
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Matthieu Wyart
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
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3
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Liu N, Sohn S, Na MY, Park GH, Raj A, Liu G, Kube SA, Yuan F, Liu Y, Chang HJ, Schroers J. Size-dependent deformation behavior in nanosized amorphous metals suggesting transition from collective to individual atomic transport. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5987. [PMID: 37752103 PMCID: PMC10522620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying atomistic mechanism of deformation is a central problem in mechanics and materials science. Whereas deformation of crystalline metals is fundamentally understood, the understanding of deformation of amorphous metals lacks behind, particularly identifying the involved temporal and spatial scales. Here, we reveal that at small scales the size-dependent deformation behavior of amorphous metals significantly deviates from homogeneous flow, exhibiting increasing deformation rate with reducing size and gradually shifted composition. This transition suggests the deformation mechanism changes from collective atomic transport by viscous flow to individual atomic transport through interface diffusion. The critical length scale of the transition is temperature dependent, exhibiting a maximum at the glass transition. While viscous flow does not discriminate among alloy constituents, diffusion does and the constituent element with higher diffusivity deforms faster. Our findings yield insights into nano-mechanics and glass physics and may suggest alternative processing methods to epitaxially grow metallic glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijia Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sungwoo Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Min Young Na
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Park
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Arindam Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Guannan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sebastian A Kube
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Fusen Yuan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hye Jung Chang
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano Convergence, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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4
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Song L, Gao Y, Zou P, Xu W, Gao M, Zhang Y, Huo J, Li F, Qiao J, Wang LM, Wang JQ. Detecting the exponential relaxation spectrum in glasses by high-precision nanocalorimetry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302776120. [PMID: 37155861 PMCID: PMC10193961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302776120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonexponential relaxations are universal characteristics for glassy materials. There is a well-known hypothesis that nonexponential relaxation peaks are composed of a series of exponential events, which have not been verified. In this Letter, we discover the exponential relaxation events during the recovery process using a high-precision nanocalorimetry, which are universal for metallic glasses and organic glasses. The relaxation peaks can be well fitted by the exponential Debye function with a single activation energy. The activation energy covers a broad range from α relaxation to β relaxation and even the fast γ/β' relaxation. We obtain the complete spectrum of the exponential relaxation peaks over a wide temperature range from 0.63Tg to 1.03Tg, which provides solid evidence that nonexponential relaxation peaks can be decomposed into exponential relaxation units. Furthermore, the contribution of different relaxation modes in the nonequilibrium enthalpy space is measured. These results open a door for developing the thermodynamics of nonequilibrium physics and for precisely modulating the properties of glasses by controlling the relaxation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Song
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yurong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Fushan S. Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Jichao C. Qiao
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian710072, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei066004, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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5
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Impact of host phonons on interstitial diffusion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7840. [PMID: 35550534 PMCID: PMC9098489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The net effect of host phonons on interstitial diffusion has remained as a fundamental knowledge gap in our current theories since the motions of the host atoms and interstitials were coupled in these theories. Here we study this effect through molecular dynamics simulations of hydrogen diffusion in palladium, in which the motions can be decoupled through pinning the host atoms. Mathematically this decoupling corresponds to expanding the total diffusion coefficient into a Taylor series, which separates the phonon contribution from the intrinsic interstitial jumping. Our results clearly show that palladium phonons significantly promote hydrogen diffusion. The phonon contribution, being linear with temperature at high temperatures and exponential at low temperatures, is fitted with Brownian motion model. The total diffusion of interstitials can be understood as the intrinsic interstitial jumping in a pinned host plus phonon-induced Brownian diffusion. The generality of our findings is validated by examining the motion of lithium in manganese oxide and carbon in iron.
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6
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Mallamace F, Mensitieri G, Salzano de Luna M, Lanzafame P, Papanikolaou G, Mallamace D. The Interplay between the Theories of Mode Coupling and of Percolation Transition in Attractive Colloidal Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5316. [PMID: 35628124 PMCID: PMC9141735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years a considerable effort has been devoted to foster the understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the dynamical arrest that is involved in glass forming in supercooled liquids and in the sol-gel transition. The elucidation of the nature of such processes represents one of the most challenging unsolved problems in the field of material science. In this context, two important theories have contributed significantly to the interpretation of these phenomena: the Mode-Coupling theory (MCT) and the Percolation theory (PT). These theories are rooted on the two pillars of statistical physics, universality and scale laws, and their original formulations have been subsequently modified to account for the fundamental concepts of Energy Landscape (EL) and of the universality of the fragile to strong dynamical crossover (FSC). In this review, we discuss experimental and theoretical results, including Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, reported in the literature for colloidal and polymer systems displaying both glass and sol-gel transitions. Special focus is dedicated to the analysis of the interferences between these transitions and on the possible interplay between MCT and PT. By reviewing recent theoretical developments, we show that such interplay between sol-gel and glass transitions may be interpreted in terms of the extended F13 MCT model that describes these processes based on the presence of a glass-glass transition line terminating in an A3 cusp-like singularity (near which the logarithmic decay of the density correlator is observed). This transition line originates from the presence of two different amorphous structures, one generated by the inter-particle attraction and the other by the pure repulsion characteristic of hard spheres. We show here, combining literature results with some new results, that such a situation can be generated, and therefore experimentally studied, by considering colloidal-like particles interacting via a hard core plus an attractive square well potential. In the final part of this review, scaling laws associated both to MCT and PT are applied to describe, by means of these two theories, the specific viscoelastic properties of some systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mallamace
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mensitieri
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (M.S.d.L.)
| | - Martina Salzano de Luna
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (M.S.d.L.)
| | - Paola Lanzafame
- Departments of ChiBioFarAm and MIFT—Section of Industrial Chemistry, University of Messina, CASPE-INSTM, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Georgia Papanikolaou
- Departments of ChiBioFarAm and MIFT—Section of Industrial Chemistry, University of Messina, CASPE-INSTM, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Domenico Mallamace
- Departments of ChiBioFarAm—Section of Industrial Chemistry, University of Messina, CASPE-INSTM, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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7
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Li Y, Annamareddy A, Morgan D, Yu Z, Wang B, Cao C, Perepezko JH, Ediger MD, Voyles PM, Yu L. Surface Diffusion Is Controlled by Bulk Fragility across All Glass Types. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:075501. [PMID: 35244425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface diffusion is vastly faster than bulk diffusion in some glasses, but only moderately enhanced in others. We show that this variation is closely linked to bulk fragility, a common measure of how quickly dynamics is excited when a glass is heated to become a liquid. In fragile molecular glasses, surface diffusion can be a factor of 10^{8} faster than bulk diffusion at the glass transition temperature, while in the strong system SiO_{2}, the enhancement is a factor of 10. Between these two extremes lie systems of intermediate fragility, including metallic glasses and amorphous selenium and silicon. This indicates that stronger liquids have greater resistance to dynamic excitation from bulk to surface and enables prediction of surface diffusion, surface crystallization, and formation of stable glasses by vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Ajay Annamareddy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Dane Morgan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Bu Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Chengrong Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - John H Perepezko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Paul M Voyles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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8
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Carter BMGD, Royall CP, Dyre JC, Ingebrigtsen TS. Isomorphs in nanoconfined liquids. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8662-8677. [PMID: 34515711 PMCID: PMC8494272 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study in this paper the possible existence of Roskilde-simple liquids and their isomorphs in a rough-wall nanoconfinement. Isomorphs are curves in the thermodynamic phase diagram along which structure and dynamics are invariant in suitable nondimensionalized units. Two model liquids using molecular dynamics computer simulations are considered: the single-component Lennard-Jones (LJ) liquid and the Kob-Andersen binary LJ mixture, both of which in the bulk phases are known to have good isomorphs. Nanoconfinement is implemented by adopting a slit-pore geometry with fcc crystalline walls; this implies inhomogenous density profiles both parallel and perpendicular to the confining walls. Despite this fact and consistent with an earlier study [Ingebrigtsen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013, 111, 235901] we find that these two nanoconfined liquids have isomorphs to a good approximation. More specifically, we show good invariance along the isomorphs of inhomogenous density profiles, mean-square displacements, and higher-order structures probed using the topological cluster classification algorithm. Our study thus provides an alternative framework for understanding nanoconfined liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M G D Carter
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - C Patrick Royall
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Jeppe C Dyre
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Postbox 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Trond S Ingebrigtsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Postbox 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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9
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Wilden J, Yang F, Günther G, Russina M, Kuball A, Busch R, Meyer A. Ni self-diffusion in glass forming Pd-Ni-S melts. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:435101. [PMID: 34405822 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ni self-diffusion in glass forming Pd40Ni40S20, Pd37Ni37S26and Pd31Ni42S27melts was probed by incoherent, quasielastic neutron scattering over a temperature range between 773 and 1023 K. The Ni self-diffusion coefficients are on a 10-10 m2 s-1-10-9 m2 s-1scale and barely change with composition. Each composition exhibits an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence of the Ni self-diffusion coefficients, which results in activation energies ranging fromEA= 348 ± 16 meV for Pd40Ni40S20toEA= 387 ± 6 meV for Pd37Ni37S26. The structural relaxation shows a stretched exponential behavior even far above the liquidus temperatures. In addition, the viscosity of the Pd37Ni37S26melt was measured under reduced gravity conditions. The diffusion calculated from the viscosity reveals a significant deviation from the measured Ni self-diffusion by a factor between 4 and 8. This may indicate a dynamic decoupling between the atoms within the Pd-Ni-S equilibrium melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wilden
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Gerrit Günther
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarita Russina
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuball
- Lehrstuhl für metallische Werkstoffe, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Amorphous Metal Solutions GmbH, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Busch
- Lehrstuhl für metallische Werkstoffe, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
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10
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Zhang H, Wang X, Yu HB, Douglas JF. Fast dynamics in a model metallic glass-forming material. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084505. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0039162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hai-Bin Yu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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11
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Gong X, Wang XD, Xu T, Cao Q, Zhang D, Jiang JZ. β-Relaxation and Crystallization Behaviors in a Pulse-Current-Thermoplastic-Formed La-Based Bulk Metallic Glass. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:657-664. [PMID: 33412855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We use the pulse current thermoplastic forming technique based on joule heating to rejuvenate the atomic structure of a La62Al14Ag2.34Ni10.83Co10.83 bulk metallic glass (BMG). The pulse-formed sample exhibits more pronounced β-relaxation than the as-cast one due to the increased free volume. Instead, the sub-Tg annealing clearly weakens the β-relaxation and also makes it more isolated from the α-relaxation, showing contributions from free volume and preferred structure. However, both treatments exhibit little influence on the following α-relaxation and high temperature crystallization kinetics. Our results open an effective way to rejuvenate the structure of BMGs and provide an in-depth understanding of the relationship between structural relaxations and crystallization kinetics of BMGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Gong
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM) and Laboratory of New-Structured Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM) and Laboratory of New-Structured Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianding Xu
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM) and Laboratory of New-Structured Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Cao
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM) and Laboratory of New-Structured Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Jiang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM) and Laboratory of New-Structured Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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12
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Abstract
The recently developed by us semi-analytical representation of the mean spherical approximation in conjunction with the linear trajectory approximation is applied to the quantitative study of self-diffusivities in liquid Cu, Ag and Au at different temperatures. The square-well model is employed for the description of the interatomic pair interactions in metals under study. It is found that our theoretical results are in good agreement with available experimental and computer-simulation data and can be considered as a prediction when such data are absent.
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13
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Chellali MR, Nandam SH, Hahn H. Deformation-Induced Chemical Inhomogeneity and Short-Circuit Diffusion in Shear Bands of a Bulk Metallic Glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:205501. [PMID: 33258617 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.205501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The compositional changes in shear bands of a Cu_{50}Zr_{50} metallic glass after plastic deformation at room temperature have been monitored by atom probe tomography. Across the width of the shear bands an asymmetry of the enriched and depleted zones of the constituent elements is observed, while no change of the composition within the surrounding matrix occurs. The diffusion coefficients determined from the concentration profiles are orders of magnitude larger than the values of bulk diffusion at room temperature. The asymmetric concentration profiles of the constituent elements (Cu and Zr) remain stable during annealing at a temperature of 543 K, even though fast and preferential diffusion of a Ni tracer has been found along the shear band at the same temperature. The results indicate that the atomic structure and stress distribution within the shear bands is altered from that of the surrounding amorphous matrix. The fact that the shear band structure is unaltered at elevated temperatures and that fast diffusion occurs preferentially within the shear bands leads to the conclusion that they are structurally stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Chellali
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S H Nandam
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - H Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- KIT-TUD Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Bell IH, Dyre JC, Ingebrigtsen TS. Excess-entropy scaling in supercooled binary mixtures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4300. [PMID: 32855393 PMCID: PMC7453028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport coefficients, such as viscosity or diffusion coefficient, show significant dependence on density or temperature near the glass transition. Although several theories have been proposed for explaining this dynamical slowdown, the origin remains to date elusive. We apply here an excess-entropy scaling strategy using molecular dynamics computer simulations and find a quasiuniversal, almost composition-independent, relation for binary mixtures, extending eight orders of magnitude in viscosity or diffusion coefficient. Metallic alloys are also well captured by this relation. The excess-entropy scaling predicts a quasiuniversal breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation between viscosity and diffusion coefficient in the supercooled regime. Additionally, we find evidence that quasiuniversality extends beyond binary mixtures, and that the origin is difficult to explain using existing arguments for single-component quasiuniversality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Bell
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Jeppe C Dyre
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Postbox 260, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Trond S Ingebrigtsen
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Postbox 260, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark.
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15
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Monnier X, Cangialosi D, Ruta B, Busch R, Gallino I. Vitrification decoupling from α-relaxation in a metallic glass. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1454. [PMID: 32494629 PMCID: PMC7182406 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how glasses form, the so-called vitrification, remains a major challenge in materials science. Here, we study vitrification kinetics, in terms of the limiting fictive temperature, and atomic mobility related to the α-relaxation of an Au-based bulk metallic glass former by fast scanning calorimetry. We show that the time scale of the α-relaxation exhibits super-Arrhenius temperature dependence typical of fragile liquids. In contrast, vitrification kinetics displays milder temperature dependence at moderate undercooling, and thereby, vitrification takes place at temperatures lower than those associated to the α-relaxation. This finding challenges the paradigmatic view based on a one-to-one correlation between vitrification, leading to the glass transition, and the α-relaxation. We provide arguments that at moderate to deep undercooling, other atomic motions, which are not involved in the α-relaxation and that originate from the heterogeneous dynamics in metallic glasses, contribute to vitrification. Implications from the viewpoint of glasses fundamental properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 50018 Sebastián, Spain
| | - Beatrice Ruta
- Universté Lyon, Universitè Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ralf Busch
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Isabella Gallino
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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16
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Strain perceptibility of elements on the diffusion in Zr-based amorphous alloys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4575. [PMID: 32165695 PMCID: PMC7067810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), there has been considerable interest in understanding their mechanical behavior. In spite of these previous observations on the relation between plastic deformation of metallic glasses and their diffusion behavior, a detailed understanding on the diffusion of BMGs is still unexplored. We evaluated the contribution of deformation-induced structural transformations (elastic, anelastic, viscoplastic or viscoelastic responsive and plastic strain) on the diffusion of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses in as-cast, elastostatically stressed and plastically deformed states. Experimental investigations of the diffusion process and the elemental distributions in the glassy alloy were performed following plastic deformation by multiple cold rolling and elastostatic cyclic compression, respectively. We compared the vacancy model and the transition state model to verify the diffusion mechanism in the deformed bulk metallic glass. The diffusion of tracer atoms, i.e., Fe, in the bulk metallic glass is affected by viscoelastic responsive strain governing the transition-state model. In contrast, the diffusion of constituent atoms, i.e., Ti, Zr, in the bulk metallic glass is dominantly affected by plastic strain governing the vacancy model. The results reveal that the diffusion behavior of bulk glassy alloys can be changed by variation of the constituent elements and applying different strain modes upon deformation.
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17
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Cao QL, Wang PP, Huang DH. Revisiting the Stokes-Einstein relation for glass-forming melts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2557-2565. [PMID: 31942907 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04984c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of Ni36Zr64, Cu65Zr35 and Ni80Al20 were carried out over a broad range of temperature (900-3000 K) to investigate the Stokes-Einstein (SE) relation for glass-forming melts. Our results reproduce experimental structural and transport properties. Results show that the breakdown temperature of the SE relation (TSE) equals the dynamical crossover temperature (TA) and both are roughly twice the glass-transition temperature (Tg) for the three glass-forming melts (TSE = TA ≈ 2.0Tg). The product of the individual component self-diffusion coefficient and viscosity Dαη can be roughly regarded as a constant at the transition zone (a small temperature range around TSE) in which the temperature behaviors of self-diffusion coefficient and viscosity switch from high-temperature Arrhenius to a low-temperature VFT behavior. Below TSE, the decoupling of component diffusion coefficients was found. In particular, the decoupling of component diffusion coefficients can be ascribed to the decoupling of the partial pair structural correlation of components, which can be clearly reflected by the intersection of the high-temperature and low-temperature behaviors of the ratio between the partial pair correlation entropy of components (Sβ2/Sα2). Furthermore, the ratio between the partial pair correlation entropy of components may be used to predict the validity of the SE relation, in the absence of both transport coefficients and atomic coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Long Cao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, P. R. China.
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18
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Weis H, Kargl F, Kolbe M, Koza MM, Unruh T, Meyer A. Self- and interdiffusion in dilute liquid germanium-based alloys. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:455101. [PMID: 31342943 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab354e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self- and inter-diffusion coefficients in liquid Ge and dilute Ge-based Ge-Si, Ge-Au, Ge-In, Ge-Ce and Ge-Gd alloys-containing 2 at% additions, respectively, are measured using a comprehensive approach of measuring techniques: quasi-elastic neutron scattering, in situ long-capillary experiments combined with x-ray radiography, and a long-capillary experiment under microgravity conditions. Resulting inter- and Ge self-diffusion coefficients are equal within error bars for each investigated alloy. The interdiffusion coefficients are smaller for the alloys containing Ce and Gd, However, no dependence of the atomic mass of the minor additions, that varies by about a factor of seven between Si and Au, on the diffusion coefficients could be observed. This demonstrates that in a loosely-packed metallic liquid with fast diffusive dynamics the diffusion mechanism is highly collective in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weis
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
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19
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Zhang HP, Wang FR, Li MZ. Contrasting Bonding-Interaction-Induced Distinct Relaxation in La 65Ni 35 and La 65Al 35 Glass-Forming Alloys. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1149-1155. [PMID: 30624933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b09188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The α and β relaxations are two fundamental processes in glass-forming materials, and quite important for many of the properties. Although intensive studies have found that α and β relaxations can be tuned by changing the constituent elements, the underlying structural basis is still elusive. Here, we explored the effect of two key elements of Al and Ni on distinct β and α relaxations in La65Al35 and La65Ni35 glass-forming alloys via classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations combined with dynamical mechanical spectroscopy. Unexpected coupling of relaxation in both β and α relaxation time scales is observed for La and Al atoms in the La65Al35 system, which drastically suppresses the relaxation dynamics. It is revealed that the dynamic coupling of La and Al results from the covalent-like bonding interaction between Al atoms, which connect Al together, forming a network-like structure. The bonding network not only drastically slows down the dynamics of Al but also couples the motion of La and Al together. This finding elucidates the underlying basis of Al and Ni elements for distinct β and α relaxation and sheds light on tuning the formation and properties of metallic glasses by minor alloying.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
| | - F R Wang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
| | - M Z Li
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
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20
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Wei S, Evenson Z, Stolpe M, Lucas P, Angell CA. Breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation above the melting temperature in a liquid phase-change material. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat8632. [PMID: 30515453 PMCID: PMC6269161 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic properties of liquid phase-change materials (PCMs), such as viscosity η and the atomic self-diffusion coefficient D, play an essential role in the ultrafast phase switching behavior of novel nonvolatile phase-change memory applications. To connect η to D, the Stokes-Einstein relation (SER) is commonly assumed to be valid at high temperatures near or above the melting temperature T m and is often used for assessing liquid fragility (or crystal growth velocity) of technologically important PCMs. However, using quasi-elastic neutron scattering, we provide experimental evidence for a breakdown of the SER even at temperatures above T m in the high-atomic mobility state of a PCM, Ge1Sb2Te4. This implies that although viscosity may have strongly increased during cooling, diffusivity can remain high owing to early decoupling, being a favorable feature for the fast phase switching behavior of the high-fluidity PCM. We discuss the origin of the observation and propose the possible connection to a metal-semiconductor and fragile-strong transition hidden below T m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wei
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zach Evenson
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Stolpe
- Heraeus Holding GmbH, Heraeusstr.12-14, 63450 Hanau, Germany
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pierre Lucas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85712, USA
| | - C. Austen Angell
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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21
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Abstract
Vitrification from physical vapor deposition is known to be an efficient way for tuning the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of glasses and significantly improve their properties. There is a general consensus that preparing stable glasses requires the use of high substrate temperatures close to the glass transition one, Tg. Here, we challenge this empirical rule by showing the formation of Zr-based ultrastable metallic glasses (MGs) at room temperature, i.e., with a substrate temperature of only 0.43Tg. By carefully controlling the deposition rate, we can improve the stability of the obtained glasses to higher values. In contrast to conventional quenched glasses, the ultrastable MGs exhibit a large increase of Tg of ∼60 K, stronger resistance against crystallization, and more homogeneous structure with less order at longer distances. Our study circumvents the limitation of substrate temperature for developing ultrastable glasses, and provides deeper insight into glasses stability and their surface dynamics. Producing ultrastable metallic glasses has always been associated with substrates heated close to the glass transition temperature. Here, the authors show that reducing the deposition rate of the metallic glass on a cold substrate produces ultrastable metallic glasses with remarkably improved stability.
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22
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Ruta B, Pineda E, Evenson Z. Relaxation processes and physical aging in metallic glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED MATTER 2017; 29:503002. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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23
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Wang XD, Jiang JZ. Perspective on Structural Evolution and Relations with Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Liquids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703136. [PMID: 28940751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the structural evolution and properties of metallic liquids is a long-standing hot issue in condensed-matter physics and materials science. Here, recent progress is reviewed in several fundamental aspects of metallic liquids, including the methods to study their atomic structures, liquid-liquid transition, physical properties, fragility, and their correlations with local structures, together with potential applications of liquid metals at room temperature. Involved with more experimentally and theoretically advanced techniques, these studies provide more in-depth understanding of the structure-property relationship of metallic liquids and promote the design of new metallic materials with superior properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Wang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials, School of Materials and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Jiang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials, School of Materials and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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24
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25
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Pan S, Wu ZW, Wang WH, Li MZ, Xu L. Structural origin of fractional Stokes-Einstein relation in glass-forming liquids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39938. [PMID: 28059111 PMCID: PMC5216366 DOI: 10.1038/srep39938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In many glass-forming liquids, fractional Stokes-Einstein relation (SER) is observed above the glass transition temperature. However, the origin of such phenomenon remains elusive. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the break- down of SER and the onset of fractional SER in a model of metallic glass-forming liquid. We find that SER breaks down when the size of the largest cluster consisting of trapped atoms starts to increase sharply at which the largest cluster spans half of the simulations box along one direction, and the fractional SER starts to follows when the largest cluster percolates the entire system and forms 3-dimentional network structures. Further analysis based on the percolation theory also confirms that percolation occurs at the onset of the fractional SER. Our results directly link the breakdown of the SER with structure inhomogeneity and onset of the fraction SER with percolation of largest clusters, thus provide a possible picture for the break- down of SER and onset of fractional SER in glass-forming liquids, which is is important for the understanding of the dynamic properties in glass-forming liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Pan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z. W. Wu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - W. H. Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - M. Z. Li
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Limei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
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26
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Hwang J, Kim J, Sung BJ. Dynamics of highly polydisperse colloidal suspensions as a model system for bacterial cytoplasm. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:022614. [PMID: 27627367 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.022614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There are various kinds of macromolecules in bacterial cell cytoplasm. The size polydispersity of the macromolecules is so significant that the crystallization and the phase separation could be suppressed, thus stabilizing the liquid state of bacterial cytoplasm. On the other hand, recent experiments suggested that the macromolecules in bacterial cytoplasm should exhibit glassy dynamics, which should be also affected significantly by the size polydispersity of the macromolecules. In this work, we investigate the anomalous and slow dynamics of highly polydisperse colloidal suspensions, of which size distribution is chosen to mimic Escherichia coli cytoplasm. We find from our Langevin dynamics simulations that the diffusion coefficient (D_{tot}) and the displacement distribution functions (P(r,t)) averaged over all colloids of different sizes do not show anomalous and glassy dynamic behaviors until the system volume fraction ϕ is increased up to 0.82. This indicates that the intrinsic polydispersity of bacterial cytoplasm should suppress the glass transition and help maintain the liquid state of the cytoplasm. On the other hand, colloids of each kind show totally different dynamic behaviors depending on their size. The dynamics of colloids of different size becomes non-Gaussian at a different range of ϕ, which suggests that a multistep glass transition should occur. The largest colloids undergo the glass transition at ϕ=0.65, while the glass transition does not occur for smaller colloids in our simulations even at the highest value of ϕ. We also investigate the distribution (P(θ,t)) of the relative angles of displacement for macromolecules and find that macromolecules undergo directionally correlated motions in a sufficiently dense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
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27
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Price HC, Mattsson J, Murray BJ. Sucrose diffusion in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19207-16. [PMID: 27364512 PMCID: PMC5044753 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion of sugar in aqueous solution is important both in nature and in technological applications, yet measurements of diffusion coefficients at low water content are scarce. We report directly measured sucrose diffusion coefficients in aqueous solution. Our technique utilises a Raman isotope tracer method to monitor the diffusion of non-deuterated and deuterated sucrose across a boundary between the two aqueous solutions. At a water activity of 0.4 (equivalent to 90 wt% sucrose) at room temperature, the diffusion coefficient of sucrose was determined to be approximately four orders of magnitude smaller than that of water in the same material. Using literature viscosity data, we show that, although inappropriate for the prediction of water diffusion, the Stokes-Einstein equation works well for predicting sucrose diffusion under the conditions studied. As well as providing information of importance to the fundamental understanding of diffusion in binary solutions, these data have technological, pharmaceutical and medical implications, for example in cryopreservation. Moreover, in the atmosphere, slow organic diffusion may have important implications for aerosol growth, chemistry and evaporation, where processes may be limited by the inability of a molecule to diffuse between the bulk and the surface of a particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Price
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK .
| | - Johan Mattsson
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK .
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28
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He J, Kaban I, Mattern N, Song K, Sun B, Zhao J, Kim DH, Eckert J, Greer AL. Local microstructure evolution at shear bands in metallic glasses with nanoscale phase separation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25832. [PMID: 27181922 PMCID: PMC4867588 DOI: 10.1038/srep25832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At room temperature, plastic flow of metallic glasses (MGs) is sharply localized in shear bands, which are a key feature of the plastic deformation in MGs. Despite their clear importance and decades of study, the conditions for formation of shear bands, their structural evolution and multiplication mechanism are still under debate. In this work, we investigate the local conditions at shear bands in new phase-separated bulk MGs containing glassy nanospheres and exhibiting exceptional plasticity under compression. It is found that the glassy nanospheres within the shear band dissolve through mechanical mixing driven by the sharp strain localization there, while those nearby in the matrix coarsen by Ostwald ripening due to the increased atomic mobility. The experimental evidence demonstrates that there exists an affected zone around the shear band. This zone may arise from low-strain plastic deformation in the matrix between the bands. These results suggest that measured property changes originate not only from the shear bands themselves, but also from the affected zones in the adjacent matrix. This work sheds light on direct visualization of deformation-related effects, in particular increased atomic mobility, in the region around shear bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.,IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, PO Box 270116, Dresden 01171, Germany
| | - Ivan Kaban
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, PO Box 270116, Dresden 01171, Germany.,TU Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Norbert Mattern
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, PO Box 270116, Dresden 01171, Germany
| | - Kaikai Song
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, PO Box 270116, Dresden 01171, Germany
| | - Baoan Sun
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, PO Box 270116, Dresden 01171, Germany
| | - Jiuzhou Zhao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Do Hyang Kim
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Center for Noncrystalline Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraβe 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.,Department Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraβe 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - A Lindsay Greer
- Department of Materials Science &Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.,WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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29
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Schober HR, Peng HL. Heterogeneous diffusion, viscosity, and the Stokes-Einstein relation in binary liquids. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:052607. [PMID: 27300951 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.052607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the origin of the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation (SER) between diffusivity and viscosity in undercooled melts. A binary Lennard-Jones system, as a model for a metallic melt, is studied by molecular dynamics. A weak breakdown at high temperatures can be understood from the collectivization of motion, seen in the isotope effect. The strong breakdown at lower temperatures is connected to an increase in dynamic heterogeneity. On relevant time scales some particles diffuse much faster than the average or than predicted by the SER. The van Hove self-correlation function allows one to unambiguously identify slow particles. Their diffusivity is even less than predicted by the SER. The time span of these particles being slow particles, before their first conversion to be a fast one, is larger than the decay time of the stress correlation. The contribution of the slow particles to the viscosity rises rapidly upon cooling. Not only the diffusion but also the viscosity shows a dynamically heterogeneous scenario. We can define a "slow" viscosity. The SER is recovered as the relation between slow diffusivity and slow viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Schober
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H L Peng
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
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30
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Evenson Z, Ruta B, Hechler S, Stolpe M, Pineda E, Gallino I, Busch R. X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Reveals Intermittent Aging Dynamics in a Metallic Glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:175701. [PMID: 26551125 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.175701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We use coherent x rays to probe the aging dynamics of a metallic glass directly on the atomic level. Contrary to the common assumption of a steady slowing down of the dynamics usually observed in macroscopic studies, we show that the structural relaxation processes underlying aging in this metallic glass are intermittent and highly heterogeneous at the atomic scale. Moreover, physical aging is triggered by cooperative atomic rearrangements, driven by the relaxation of internal stresses. The rich diversity of this behavior reflects a complex energy landscape, giving rise to a unique type of glassy-state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Evenson
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Beatrice Ruta
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Simon Hechler
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Moritz Stolpe
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Eloi Pineda
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Esteve Terradas 8, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
| | - Isabella Gallino
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ralf Busch
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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31
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Li YZ, Zhao LZ, Wang C, Lu Z, Bai HY, Wang WH. Communication: Non-monotonic evolution of dynamical heterogeneity in unfreezing process of metallic glasses. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:041104. [PMID: 26233099 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relaxation dynamics in unfreezing process of metallic glasses is investigated by the activation-relaxation technique. A non-monotonic dynamical microstructural heterogeneities evolution with temperature is discovered, which confirms and supplies more features to flow units concept of glasses. A flow unit perspective is proposed to microscopically describe this non-monotonic evolution of the dynamical heterogeneities as well as its relationship with the deformation mode development of metallic glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - C Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Lu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - H Y Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - W H Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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32
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Xu W, Sandor MT, Yu Y, Ke HB, Zhang HP, Li MZ, Wang WH, Liu L, Wu Y. Evidence of liquid-liquid transition in glass-forming La50Al35Ni15 melt above liquidus temperature. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7696. [PMID: 26165855 PMCID: PMC4510689 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid transition, a phase transition of one liquid phase to another with the same composition, provides a key opportunity for investigating the relationship between liquid structures and dynamics. Here we report experimental evidences of a liquid-liquid transition in glass-forming La50Al35Ni15 melt above its liquidus temperature by (27)Al nuclear magnetic resonance including the temperature dependence of cage volume fluctuations and atomic diffusion. The observed dependence of the incubation time on the degree of undercooling is consistent with a first-order phase transition. Simulation results indicate that such transition is accompanied by the change of bond-orientational order without noticeable change in density. The temperature dependence of atomic diffusion revealed by simulations is also in agreement with experiments. These observations indicate the need of two-order parameters in describing phase transitions of liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Magdalena T. Sandor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3255, USA
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Bo Ke
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hua-Ping Zhang
- Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Mao-Zhi Li
- Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3255, USA
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33
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Kim J, Sung BJ. Dynamic decoupling and local atomic order of a model multicomponent metallic glass-former. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:235102. [PMID: 25993620 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/23/235102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of multicomponent metallic alloys is spatially heterogeneous near glass transition. The diffusion coefficient of one component of the metallic alloys may also decouple from those of other components, i.e., the diffusion coefficient of each component depends differently on the viscosity of metallic alloys. In this work we investigate the dynamic heterogeneity and decoupling of a model system for multicomponent Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 melts by using a hard sphere model that considers the size disparity of alloys but does not take chemical effects into account. We also study how such dynamic behaviors would relate to the local atomic structure of metallic alloys. We find, from molecular dynamics simulations, that the smallest component P of multicomponent Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 melts becomes dynamically heterogeneous at a translational relaxation time scale and that the largest major component Pd forms a slow subsystem, which has been considered mainly responsible for the stabilization of amorphous state of alloys. The heterogeneous dynamics of P atoms accounts for the breakdown of Stokes-Einstein relation and also leads to the dynamic decoupling of P and Pd atoms. The dynamically heterogeneous P atoms decrease the lifetime of the local short-range atomic orders of both icosahedral and close-packed structures by orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
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34
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Zhu ZG, Li YZ, Wang Z, Gao XQ, Wen P, Bai HY, Ngai KL, Wang WH. Compositional origin of unusual β-relaxation properties in La-Ni-Al metallic glasses. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:084506. [PMID: 25173020 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-relaxation of metallic glasses (MGs) bears nontrivial connections to their microscopic and macroscopic properties. In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of the β-relaxation, we studied by dynamical mechanical measurements the change of its properties on varying the composition of La60Ni15Al25 in various ways. The properties of the β-relaxation turn out to be very sensitive to the composition. It is found that the isochronal loss peak temperature of β-relaxation, Tβ,peak, is effectively determined by the total (La + Ni) content. When Cu is added into the alloy to replace either La, Ni, or Al, the Tβ,peak increases with decrease of the (La + Ni) content. The trend is in accordance with data of binary and ternary MGs formed from La, Ni, Al, and Cu. Binary La-Ni MGs have pronounced β-relaxation loss peaks, well separated from the α-relaxation. In contrast, the β-relaxation is not resolved in La-Al and La-Cu MGs, showing up as an excess wing. For the ternary La-Ni-Al MGs, increase of La or Ni content is crucial to lower the Tβ,peak. Keeping the Al content fixed, increase of La content lowers the Tβ,peak further, indicating the more important role La plays in lowering Tβ,peak than Ni. The observed effects on changing the composition of La60Ni15Al25 lead to the conclusion that the properties of the β-relaxation are mainly determined by the interaction between the largest solvent element, La, and the smallest element, Ni. From our data, it is further deduced that La and Ni have high mobility in the MGs, and this explains why the β-relaxation in this La-based MGs is prominent and well resolved from the α-relaxation as opposed to Pd- and Zr-based MGs where the solvent and largest atoms, Pd and Zr, are the least mobile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Zhu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Z Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X Q Gao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - P Wen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - H Y Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - K L Ngai
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - W H Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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35
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Basuki SW, Bartsch A, Yang F, Rätzke K, Meyer A, Faupel F. Decoupling of component diffusion in a glass-forming Zr(46.75)Ti(8.25)Cu(7.5)Ni(10)Be(27.5) melt far above the liquidus temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:165901. [PMID: 25361269 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.165901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report (95)Zr and (57)Co radiotracer diffusivities and viscosity data in the equilibrium liquid state of a bulk metallic glass forming Zr(46.75)Ti(8.25)Cu(7.5)Ni(10)Be(27.5) melt (Vitreloy 4) far above the liquidus temperature T(l) that are not affected by convection, as evidenced via quasielastic neutron scattering. Zr diffusion is strongly decoupled from diffusion of the smaller components by more than a factor of 4 at T(l), although it obeys the Stokes-Einstein equation. The results suggest that, in the present Zr-based metallic glass forming systems, diffusion and viscous flow start to develop solidlike, i.e., energy-landscape-controlled, features already in the stable liquid state more than 300 K above the mode coupling temperature T(c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Wahyuni Basuki
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft-Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartsch
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft-Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Klaus Rätzke
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft-Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft-Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Abstract
Focusing on metallic glasses as model systems, we review the features and mechanisms of the β-relaxations, which are intrinsic and universal to supercooled liquids and glasses, and demonstrate their importance in understanding many crucial unresolved issues in glassy physics and materials science, including glass transition phenomena, mechanical properties, shear-banding dynamics and deformation mechanisms, diffusion and the breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein relation as well as crystallization and stability of glasses. We illustrate that it is an attractive prospect to incorporate these insights into the design of new glassy materials with extraordinary properties. We also outline important questions regarding the nature of β-relaxations and highlight some emerging research directions in this still-evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Bin Yu
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei Hua Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hai Yang Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Konrad Samwer
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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37
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Puertas AM, Voigtmann T. Microrheology of colloidal systems. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:243101. [PMID: 24848328 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/24/243101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microrheology was proposed almost twenty years ago as a technique to obtain rheological properties in soft matter from the microscopic motion of colloidal tracers used as probes, either freely diffusing in the host medium, or subjected to external forces. The former case is known as passive microrheology, and is based on generalizations of the Stokes-Einstein relation between the friction experienced by the probe and the host-fluid viscosity. The latter is termed active microrheology, and extends the measurement of the friction coefficient to the nonlinear-response regime of strongly driven probes. In this review article, we discuss theoretical models available in the literature for both passive and active microrheology, focusing on the case of single-probe motion in model colloidal host media. A brief overview of the theory of passive microrheology is given, starting from the work of Mason and Weitz. Further developments include refined models of the host suspension beyond that of a Newtonian-fluid continuum, and the investigation of probe-size effects. Active microrheology is described starting from microscopic equations of motion for the whole system including both the host-fluid particles and the tracer; the many-body Smoluchowski equation for the case of colloidal suspensions. At low fluid densities, this can be simplified to a two-particle equation that allows the calculation of the friction coefficient with the input of the density distribution around the tracer, as shown by Brady and coworkers. The results need to be upscaled to agree with simulations at moderate density, in both the case of pulling the tracer with a constant force or dragging it at a constant velocity. The full many-particle equation has been tackled by Fuchs and coworkers, using a mode-coupling approximation and the scheme of integration through transients, valid at high densities. A localization transition is predicted for a probe embedded in a glass-forming host suspension. The nonlinear probe-friction coefficient is calculated from the tracer's position correlation function. Computer simulations show qualitative agreement with the theory, but also some unexpected features, such as superdiffusive motion of the probe related to the breaking of nearest-neighbor cages. We conclude with some perspectives and future directions of theoretical models of microrheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Puertas
- Group of Complex Fluids Physics, Department of Applied Physics, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
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38
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Mallamace F, Corsaro C, Stanley HE, Mallamace D, Chen SH. The dynamical crossover in attractive colloidal systems. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:214502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4833595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Shi Z, Debenedetti PG, Stillinger FH. Relaxation processes in liquids: variations on a theme by Stokes and Einstein. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:12A526. [PMID: 23556777 DOI: 10.1063/1.4775741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate numerically the temperature and density dependence of the Stokes-Einstein ratio, Dη∕T, and of two commonly-used variants thereof, Dτ and Dτ∕T, where D is a diffusivity, η the shear viscosity, and τ a structural relaxation time. We consider a family of atomic binary mixtures with systematically-softened repulsive interactions, and the Lewis-Wahnström model of ortho-terphenyl (OTP). The three quantities grow significantly as the temperature decreases in the supercooled regime, a well-known phenomenon. At higher temperatures, Dτ exhibits negative violations of Stokes-Einstein behavior, i.e., decrease upon cooling, for the atomic systems, though not for OTP. We consider two choices for the relaxation time, one based on the decay of the self-intermediate scattering function, and the other on the integral of the stress autocorrelation function. The instantaneous shear modulus exhibits appreciable temperature dependence for the two classes of systems investigated here. Our results suggest that commonly-invoked assumptions, such as τ ∼ η and τ ∼ η∕T, should be critically evaluated across a wide spectrum of systems and thermodynamic conditions. We find the Stokes-Einstein ratio, Dη∕T, to be constant across a broad range of temperatures and densities for the two classes of systems investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Shi
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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40
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S. An explanation of the differences in diffusivity of the components of the metallic glass Pd43Cu27Ni10P20. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:094504. [PMID: 23485310 DOI: 10.1063/1.4793597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartsch et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 195901 (2010)] reported measurements of the diffusivities of different components of the multi-component bulk metallic glass Pd43Cu27Ni10P20. The diffusion of the largest Pd and the smallest P was found to be drastically different. The Stokes-Einstein relation breaks down when considering the P constituent atom, while the relation is obeyed by the Pd atom over 14 orders of magnitude of change in Pd diffusivity. This difference in behavior of Pd and P poses a problem challenging for explanation. With the assist of a recent finding in metallic glasses that the β-relaxation and the diffusion of the smallest component are closely related processes by Yu et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 095508 (2012)], we use the Coupling Model to explain the observed difference between P and Pd quantitatively. The same model also explains the correlation between property of the β-relaxation with fragility found in the family of (CexLa1-x)68Al10Cu20Co2 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ngai
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
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41
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Yu HB, Samwer K, Wu Y, Wang WH. Correlation between β relaxation and self-diffusion of the smallest constituting atoms in metallic glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:095508. [PMID: 23002852 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.095508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In multicomponent metallic glasses, we demonstrate that diffusion and secondary (β) relaxation are closely related. The diffusion motion of the smallest constituting atoms takes place within the temperature and time regimes where the β relaxations are activated, and, in particular, the two processes have similar activation energies. We suggest cooperative stringlike atomic motion plays an important role in both processes. This finding provides additional insights into the structural origin of the β relaxations as well as the mechanisms of diffusions in metallic glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Yu
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Peter Harrowell
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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43
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Bokeloh J, Divinski SV, Reglitz G, Wilde G. Tracer measurements of atomic diffusion inside shear bands of a bulk metallic glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:235503. [PMID: 22182099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.235503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atomic diffusion in deformed Pd(40)Ni(40)P(20) bulk metallic glass containing a single family of deformation-induced shear bands was measured by the radiotracer technique. The significant, by orders of magnitude, enhancement of the diffusion rate with respect to that in the untransformed matrix suggests that the shear bands represent short-circuit diffusion paths. Correlations between diffusivity, viscosity, and the excess free volume distribution inside of shear bands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Bokeloh
- Institute of Materials Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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44
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Brillo J, Pommrich AI, Meyer A. Relation between self-diffusion and viscosity in dense liquids: new experimental results from electrostatic levitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:165902. [PMID: 22107404 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.165902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
By using the technique of electrostatic levitation, the Ni self-diffusion, density, and viscosity of liquid Zr(64)Ni(36) have been measured in situ with high precision and accuracy. The inverse of the viscosity, η, measured via the oscillating drop technique, and the self-diffusion coefficient D, obtained from quasielastic neutron scattering experiments, exhibit the same temperature dependence over 1.5 orders of magnitude and in a broad temperature range spanning more than 800 K. It was found that Dη=const for the entire temperature range, contradicting the Stokes-Einstein relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brillo
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Köln, Germany.
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45
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Mallamace F, Corsaro C, Stanley HE, Chen SH. The role of the dynamic crossover temperature and the arrest in glass-forming fluids. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2011; 34:94. [PMID: 21947896 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2011-11094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the role of the dynamic glass-forming fragile-to-strong crossover (FSC) in supercooled liquids. In the FSC, significant dynamic changes such as the decoupling (the violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation) of homologous transport parameters, e.g., the density relaxation time τ and the viscosity η, occur at a characteristic temperature T(c). We study the FSC using a scaling law approach. In particular, we use both forms of the mode-coupling theory (MCT): the original (ideal) and the extended form, which explicitly describes energy hopping processes. We demonstrate that T(c) plays the most important physical role in understanding dynamic arrest processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mallamace
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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46
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Domschke M, Marsilius M, Blochowicz T, Voigtmann T. Glassy relaxation and excess wing in mode-coupling theory: the dynamic susceptibility of propylene carbonate above and below T(c). PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:031506. [PMID: 22060378 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.031506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We explore the possibility of describing experimental susceptibility spectra of the glass former propylene carbonate with a two-component schematic model of mode-coupling theory (MCT) from above the melting point down to temperatures far below the critical temperature of MCT. By introducing a phenomenological time-dependent hopping rate, the spectra are reproduced in the full frequency and temperature range available. Literature data of dielectric susceptibilities and depolarized Brillouin light-scattering spectra are combined with our measurements of photon correlation spectroscopy to cover up to 18 decades in frequency of spectra for two different dynamical variables. A consistent description of all data sets is obtained by adjusting only a few physically motivated parameters. In particular the excess wing or slow β-relaxation commonly observed in the susceptibility spectra can consistently be modeled as originating from a coupling of the individual experimental probe correlator to the collective density fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Domschke
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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